Cardiovascular System Flashcards
In which vessels is capacitance greatest?
A. Aorta B. Arterioles C. Capillaries D. Venules E. Vena Cava
D. Venules
Veins/venules generally act as a reservoir within the body; therefore, capacitance is greatest in the small, highly numerous venules in the venous system
At rest, the distribution of blood is least to which of the following?
A. Liver & gut B. Heart C. Bones D. Muscle E. Brain
C. Bones
A = 20% B = 5% C = 3% D = 15% E = 15%
Which part of the blood vessels synthesises antithrombotic factors?
A. Tunica Adventitia B. Tunica Media C. Vasa Vasora D. Endothelium E. Basement membrane
D. Endothelium
Left coronary dominance implies which of the following?
A. SA node is supplied by the left coronary artery
B. AVN node is supplied by the left coronary artery
C. Right atrium is supplied by left coronary artery
D. Right coronary artery supplies posterior descending artery
E. Left circumflex artery supplies posterior descending artery
E. Left circumflex artery supplies posterior descending artery
Which of the following is a measure of afterload?
A. End diastolic volume B. End diastolic pressure C. Right atrial pressure D. Right ventrical pressure E. Diastolic arterial pressure
E. Diastolic arterial pressure
A, B, C –> Preload
D –> Neither
Which of the following stores Ca2+ for release in myocyte contraction?
A. T-tubule B. L-type voltage gated channel C. Myofilament D. Terminus cisternae of sarcoplasmic reticulum E. Actin filaments
D. Terminus cisternae of sarcoplasmic reticulum
The affinity of Troponin C and Ca2+ increases with which of the following:
A. Increased Ca2+ levels B. Increased presence of Tropinin C C. Increased presence of Tropinin I D. Stretch E. Increased myosin binding sites
D. Stretch
Affinity of Tropinin C increases with stretch
Which of the following does NOT occur when you stand up?
A. Veins constrict B. Arteries constrict C. Heart rate is reduced D. Myocytes contract more forcefully E. Skeletal muscle contract
C. Heart rate is reduced
Heart rate is INCREASED, along with force of contraction
Regarding the physical properties of blood, which of the following statements is CORRECT?
A. Increased haematocrit reduces blood viscosity
B. High flow rates lead to increased blood viscosity
C. Moderately small vessel diameters decrease blood viscosity
D. Blood always behaves as a Newtonian fluid
E. Blood in capillaries exhibits decreased blood viscosity
C. Moderately small vessel diameters decrease blood viscosity
Below diameters of 100 μm, the Fahraeus-Lindqvist effect leads to erythrocytes being aligned down the middle of vessels, thus leaving cell-free space between the cells and the vessel wall –> Decreased blood viscosity. However, at even smaller vessel diameters where erythrocytes are deformed (such as in capillaries), the cell-free layer is lost, increasing blood viscosity
Which ECG phase goes with the proper cardiac event?
A. P wave - A depolarisation of the AV node
B. T-wave - A repolarisation of the atria
C. QRS-wave - A repolarisation of the ventricles
D. QRS wave - A depolarisation of the ventricles
E. P-wave - A depolarisation of the ventricles
D. QRS wave - A depolarisation of the ventricles
Regarding the physical properties of blood, which of the following statements is CORRECT?
A. Increased haematocrit reduces blood viscosity
B. High flow rates lead to increased blood viscosity
C. Moderately small vessel diameters decrease blood viscosity
D. Blood always behaves as a Newtonian fluid
E. Blood in capillaries exhibits decreased blood viscosity
C. Moderately small vessel diameters decrease blood viscosity
Below diameters of 100 μm, the Fahraeus-Lindqvist effect leads to erythrocytes being aligned down the middle of vessels, thus leaving cell-free space between the cells and the vessel wall –> Decreased blood viscosity. However, at even smaller vessel diameters where erythrocytes are deformed (such as in capillaries), the cell-free layer is lost, increasing blood viscosity
Regarding Laplace’s Law, which of the following statements is CORRECT?
A. In aortic aneurysm there is increased circumferential stress
B. Wall tension is inversely proportional to pressure
C. Pressure is proportional to wall radius
D. In aortic aneurysm there is thickening of the vessel wall
E. Circumferential stress is inversely proportional to pressure
A. In aortic aneurysm there is increased circumferential stress
In aortic aneurysm, there is THINNING of the vessel wall. Wall thickness is inversely proportional to circumferential stress –> Increased stress and vessel distension.
Laplace’s Law:
Which of the following statements is INCORRECT?
A. Aortic stenosis can lead to myocardial ischaemia
B. Aortic stenosis increases afterload
C. Aortic regurgitation leads to left ventricular volume overload
D. Mitral regurgitation produces a low pitched diastolic murmur
E. Aortic stenosis produces a mid-systolic murmur
D. Mitral regurgitation produces a low pitched diastolic murmur
Mitral regurgitation produces a pansystolic murmur = starts at S1 and extend up to S2; usually due to regurgitation in cases such as mitral regurgitation, tricuspid regurgitation, or ventricular septal defect (VSD).
Which of these factors will NOT predispose an atherosclerotic plaque to rupturing?
A. High collagen content B. Neovascularistion C. Large, eccentric lipid-rich core D. Thin plaque E. Infiltration of macrophages and T cells
A. High collagen content
Match each blood vessel to its description:
A. Continuous capillary 1. Have semilunar valves to prevent backflow
B. Sinusoid capillary 2. Are a site of white cell exchange, highly permeable
C. Fenestrated capillary 3. Have windows in their epithelial cells, bridged by membranes
D. Arteriole 4. Have tight junctions between epithelial cells
E. Vein 5. Main regulators of resistance
A --> 4 B --> 2 C --> 3 D --> 5 E --> 1
