Cardiovascular System

Question 1

What is the function of the cardiovascular system?

Answer 1

1. Delivery oxygen and nutrients to cells and tissues

2. Remove carbon dioxide from cells and tissues

Question 2

What is the pericardium?

Answer 2

It is the membrane that encloses the heart.

Question 3

What makes up the pericardium?

Answer 3

1. Fibrous pericardium
2. Serous membrane made out of parietal and visceral pericardium
3. Serous fluid

Question 4

What are the three layers of the heart?

Answer 4

1. Epicardium
2. Myocardium
3. Endocardium

Question 5

What are the four chambers of the heart?

Answer 5

1. Right and left atrium

2. Right and left ventricle

Question 6

What separates the atrium and ventricles?

Answer 6

1. Interventicular septum

2. Interatrial septum

Question 7

What are the two atrioventricular valves?

Answer 7

1. Bicuspid (mitral) valve - left side

2. Tricupid valve - right side

Question 8

What are the two semilunar valves?

Answer 8

1. Pulmonary semilunar valve

2. Aortic semilunar valve

Question 9

When do the AV valves open and close?

Answer 9

1. Open when heart is relaxed

2. Closed during ventricular contraction

Question 10

When do the semilunar valves open and close?

Answer 10

1. Closed when heart is relaxed

2. Opened during ventricular contraction

Question 11

What are coronary arteries and what do they do?

Answer 11

They branch off the aorta to supply the heart muscle with oxygenated blood

Question 12

What do the cardiac veins do?

Answer 12

They drain the myocardium of blood.

Question 13

What is the sinoatrial (SA) node?

Answer 13

It is the heart’s pacemaker, enforces contraction of the heart at 75 bpm.

Question 14

What is systole?

Answer 14

It is the contraction of the heart.

Question 15

What is diastole?

Answer 15

It is the relaxation of the heart.

Question 16

What is cardiac output (CO)?

Answer 16

It is the amount of blood pumped from each side (ventricle) of the heart in one minute.

Question 17

What is stroke volume (SV)?

Answer 17

It is the amount of blood pumped by each ventricle in one contraction.

Question 18

What is the normal heart rate of an adult?

Answer 18

75 BPM

Question 19

How do we calculate cardiac output (CO)?

Answer 19

Heart rate (HR) * stroke volume (SV)

Question 20

What factors can modify one’s heart rate?

Answer 20

1. Neural (ANS) controls - Sympathic and parasymphatic nervous systems
2. Hormones and ions
3. Physical factors (temperature etc.)

Question 21

What is the function of the vascular system?

Answer 21

Transports blood to the tissues and back to the heart.

Question 22

What do arteries and arterioles do?

Answer 22

They carry blood away from the heart.

Question 23

What do capillary beds do?

Answer 23

They play a role in the exchange between tissues and blood.

Question 24

What do venules and veins do?

Answer 24

They return blood towards the heart.

Question 25

What is the tunica media?

Answer 25

It is smooth muscle and elastic tissue in blood vessels.

Question 26

What is microcirculation?

Answer 26

It is the blood flow through the capillary bed.

Question 27

What are the various factors that can affect blood pressure?

Answer 27

1. Neural factors / autonomic nervous system 2. Renal factors 3. Temperature - Heat = Vasodilate - Cold = Vasoconstrict 4. Chemicals 5. Diet

Question 28

Name the 4 routes substances take during exchange between tissues and blood.

Answer 28

1. Direct diffusion through membranes 2. Diffusion through inter cellular clefts 3. Diffusion through pores of fenestrated capillaries 4. Transport via vesicles

Question 29

What forces fluid in and out of capillaries? (pressure)

Answer 29

1. Blood pressure moves fluid and solutes out of capillaries | 2. Osmotic pressure moves fluid into capillaries

Question 30

What are some age-related problems related to the Cardiovascular System?

Answer 30

1. Weakening of venous valves 2. Varicose veins 3. Progressive arteriosclerosis 4. Hypertension - From loss of vessel elasticity 5. Coronary artery disease

Question 31

What is Atherosclerosis?

Answer 31

Build-up of plaque in blood vessels.

Question 32

What can you do to reverse the atherosclerotic process?

Answer 32

1. Good diet 2. Stop smoking 3. Exercise

Question 33

Describe the blood flow through the heart.

Answer 33

Oxygen poor blood: 1. Deoxygenated blood passes through superior & inferior vena cava into the right atrium 2. Blood passes through the tricuspid valve into the right ventricle 3. Tricuspid valve closes and the right ventricle contracts 4. Blood is pushed through the pulmanory valve into the pulmonary arteries 5. Blood moves into the lungs where it goes through gas exchange and is now oxygen rich Oxygenated blood: 1. Oxygenated blood flows into the left atrium through pulmonary veins 2. Left atrium contracts, opening the bicuspid valve 3. Blood flows into the left ventricle 4. Left ventricle contracts, opening the aortic valve 5. Blood flows through the aortic valve into the aorta and to the rest of the body