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Medical Scribe Study Guides > Cardiovascular System > Flashcards

Cardiovascular System Flashcards

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USMLE® Step 1 flashcards
1
Q

BPM

A

Beats per minute

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2
Q

CP

A

chest pain

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3
Q

DVT

A

deep vein thrombosis

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4
Q

HTN

A

hypertension aka high blood pressure

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5
Q

JVD

A

jugular venous distension

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6
Q

AMI

A

acute myocardial infraction (heart attack)

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7
Q

PE

A

Pulmonary embolism

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8
Q

RRR

A

regular rate and rhythm

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9
Q

Arteriosclerosis

A

hardening of the arteries

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10
Q

Embolus

A

An intravascular particulate that migrates from the site of it production and is large enough to occlude a capillary

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11
Q

Hemorrhage

A

escape of the blood from the blood vessels (bleeding)

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12
Q

Hemostasis

A

the opposite of hemorrhage, it means to stop bleeding

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13
Q

Phlebitis

A

inflammation of a vein

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14
Q

Thrombus

A

A blood clot that impairs blood flow at the region in which it was created. if it breaks away and travels to a new region

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15
Q

Thromboembolism

A

The formation of a clot (thrombosis) that may detach and travel thought the circulatory system to eventually occlude a distant capillary (embolism). This causes local hypoxia and cell death. if in the heart this causes ischemia and will lead to myocardial infarction.

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16
Q

Vasodilation/vasodilator

A

the expansion of a vessel ,which causes an increase in the cross sectional area of the lumen and allows for increased blood flow though a vessel

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17
Q

Asystole

A

lack of a heart beat

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18
Q

cardiac ischemia

A

restriction of blood flow to the heart preventing it from receiving enough oxygen

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19
Q

regurgitation

A

blood flood past a heart valve in the opposite direction of normal physiology

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20
Q

Stenosis

A

Narrowing of the lumen of a vessel. Significant stenosis may cause turbulent blood flow that can be heard during

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21
Q

Normal Cardiovascular Exam

A
  • regular rate and rhythm (RRR)
  • Normal heart sounds
  • No gallops, rubs or murmurs
  • good capillary refill
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22
Q

Palpitations

A

an abnormal awareness of your own heartbeat, often related to an arrhythmia like PACs or PVCs

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23
Q

Anasarca

A

Generalized edema due to either liver, kidney or heart failure

24
Q

Gallop (S3/S4)

A

An additional heart sound ( S3 or S4) will results in 3 heart sounds ( rather than the typical 2 sounds ) and this 3-beat-sounds is likened to a horse’s gallop

25
Q

Murmur

A

whooshing sounds caused by turbulent flow due to either valvular regurgitation or stenosis. Graded as 1-6/6 systolic or diastolic

26
Q

Tachycardia

A

Rapid heard rate

27
Q

Bradycardia

A

slow heart rate

28
Q

Thrill

A

a heart murmur that causes palpable vibrations on the chest walls

29
Q

Extrasystoles

A

Also known as extra systole, premature beat, premature contraction, premature systole, premature ventricular beat or PVB, premature ventricular contraction or PVC

30
Q

Friction Rub

A

the most common form is the pericardial friction rub, which sounds like a scratching sound, caused by contact between inflames layers of pericardium

31
Q

Jugular Venous Distention

A

enlarged or prominent internal jugular veins in the neck due to fluid retention

32
Q

irregularly irregular rhythm

A

arrhythmia aka cardiac dysrhythmia, irregular heart rhythm (don’t be confused with irregular heart rate)

33
Q

Pulses

A
  • absent
  • 2+ normal
  • 4+bounding
34
Q

Most commonly checked

A
  • radial pulse; wrist on the thumb side
  • femoral pulse: on the groin
  • dorsalis pedis pulse: on top of the foot
35
Q

Additional Pulses

A
  • posterior tibial (PT) :behind the medical malleolus
  • Brachial pulse: inner upper arm
  • carotid: front of the neck
36
Q

Hamman’s crunch

A

a crunching rasping sound, synchronous with the heartbeat, heard over the precordium in spontaneous mediastinal emphysema produced by the heart beating against air-filled tissues

37
Q

capillary refill

A

defined as the time taken for color to return to an external capillary bed after pressure is applied to cause blanching. in normal person with good cardiac output and digital perfusion, capillary refilling should take less than 3 three seconds. A time of more than 3 seconds is considered a sign of sluggish digital circulation and a time of 5 seconds is regarded abnormal

38
Q

Acute coronary syndrome (ACS)

A

symptoms such as pressure-like chest pain, diaphoresis and referred pain in the epigastrium, left arm, neck or jaw

39
Q

Acute mycardial infarction (AMI or MI)

A

STEMI: ST elevated myocradial infarction due to completely occluded coronary artery. On EKG as an elevated ST segment, which denotes a relatively large amount of cardiac ishcemia and infarcation
NSTEMI: non- ST elevated

40
Q

Aneurysm

A

a swollen bublous bulge in blood vessel wall that includes all vessel layers. Risk for rupture can cause sever internal hemorrhage, shock and death, locations on the base of the brain and abdominal aorta.

41
Q

Aortic dissection

A

tear in inner wall of the aorta that causes separation from the outer layers as blood flow between them. risk of aortic rupture, fatal due to rapid internal hemorrhage

42
Q

Atrial Fibrillation (A-fib)

A

“irregularly irregular” heart rhythm

Meaning: there is no pattern to the irregular rhythm.

43
Q

Atrial fibrillation with RVR

A

Atrial fibrillation w/ Rapid Ventricular Response

when ventricular rhythm is also rapid while in a-fib

44
Q

Angina

A

Chest pain due to Cardiac Ischemia

45
Q

Stable Angina

A

Chest pain produced with exertion due to Cardiac Ischemia that resolves after a few minutes of resting

46
Q

Unstable Angina

A

Chest pain that presents at rest or with minimal exertion and lasts >10 minutes per episode. This pain is either more severe, more frequent or lasts for longer durations than the patient’s previously stable angina

47
Q

Types of Chest Pain

A
  1. Chest Wall
  2. Pleuritic
  3. Precordial
48
Q

Cardiomegaly

A

An enlarged heart, often due to long-standing heart disease

49
Q

Coronary Artery Disease (CAD)/ Coronary Heart Disease (CHD)

A

these two terms refer to Atherosclerosis (plaque build-up) of the coronary arteries.
(Sometimes terms used interchangeably)

50
Q

Congestive Heart Failure (CHF)

A

Chronic Condition in which the heart is unable to provide sufficient blood flow for bodily needs

51
Q

Left Sided Heart Failure

A

Aortic blood flow is impaired and blood may back-up in the Pulmonary Circulation (Pulmonary Edema)

Often leads to right sided heart failure

52
Q

Right Sided Heart Failure

A

Blood flow to the lungs is impaired and blood may back-up at the right atrium (in the vena cavae)

53
Q

Hyperlipidemia(HLD)/Hypercholesteremia

A

High blood lipids
Blood Lipids: carrier molecules for cholesterol in the body

HLD often colloquially refered to as high blood cholesterol

54
Q

Hypertension (HTN)

A

High blood pressure, defined as a chronic blood pressure of over (>) 140/90 mmHg.

Places greater strain on the heart and blood vessels over time, increasing the risk for other CV (Cardiovascular) diseases

55
Q

Hypotension

A

Low blood Pressure, pressure under (

56
Q

Pulmonary Embolism

A

Formation of an embolus that becomes lodged in an artery supplying the lungs

57
Q

Congenital Heart Disease (in Pediatric Patients)

A

Abnormality in heart’s structure that a person is born with.
Often considered a childhood condition, advances in surgical treatment means babies that once died of the disease survive well into adulthood

Medical Scribe Study Guides (4 decks)

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