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MEDSCI 142 > Cardiovascular system > Flashcards

Cardiovascular system Flashcards

1
Q

What is the direction of blood flow in the systemic arteries?

A

From the left ventricle to the systemic circuit to provide blood to organs in the body

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2
Q

What is the direction of blood flow in the systemic veins?

A

From the body organs to the right ventricle

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3
Q

What is the direction of blood flow in the pulmonary arteries?

A

From the right ventricle to the lungs

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4
Q

What is the direction of blood flow in the pulmonary veins?

A

From the lungs to the left ventricle

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5
Q

Do systemic arteries carry oxygenated or deoxygenated blood?

A

Oxygenated blood

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6
Q

Do systemic veins carry oxygenated or deoxygenated blood?

A

Deoxygenated blood

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7
Q

Do pulmonary arteries carry oxygenated or deoxygenated blood?

A

Deoxygenated blood

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8
Q

Do pulmonary veins carry oxygenated or deoxygenated blood?

A

Oxygenated blood

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9
Q

What is the peak pressure in the left ventricle?

A

120mmHg

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10
Q

What is the peak pressure in the right ventricle?

A

27mmHg

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11
Q

What is the peak pressure in the left atrium?

A

8mmHg

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12
Q

What is the peak pressure in the right atrium?

A

5mmHg

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13
Q

What is the mean pressure in the right atrium?

A

3mmHg

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14
Q

What is the mean pressure in the right ventricle?

A

20mmHg

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15
Q

What is the mean pressure in the left atrium?

A

5mmHg

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16
Q

What is the mean pressure in the left ventricle?

A

100mmHg

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17
Q

What is the mean pressure in the systemic arteries?

A

90mmHg - 60mmHg

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18
Q

What is the mean pressure in the systemic capillaries?

A

25mmHg

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19
Q

What is the mean pressure in the pulmonary capillaries?

A

10mmHg

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20
Q

What is the mean pressure in the pulmonary veins?

A

8mmHg

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21
Q

What is the function of the superior and inferior venacava?

A

Flow of deoxygenated blood from the systemic veins into the right side of the heart

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22
Q

What is the function of the left and right pulmonary arteries?

A

Flow of deoxygenated blood from the right side of the heart to the lungs

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23
Q

What is the function of the left and right pulmonary veins?

A

Flow of oxygenated blood from the lungs to the left side of the heart

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24
Q

What is the function of the aorta?

A

Flow of oxygenated blood from the left side of the heart to the systemic circuit

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25
Q

In the anterior/ventral view of the heart, what structures are visible?

A

Right ventricle, left ventricle, left atrium, superior and inferior venacavae, aorta, pulmonary trunk

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26
Q

In the posterior/dorsal view of the heart, what structures are visible?

A

Left atrium (small amount), left ventricle, right ventricle, right atrium, aorta, pulmonary arteries, pulmonary veins

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27
Q

Describe the inlet and outlet valves of the left ventricle?

A

Inlet valve - mitral (bicuspid) valve, outlet valve - aortic valve

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28
Q

Describe the inlet and outlet valves of the right ventricle?

A

Inlet valve - tricuspid valve, outlet valve - pulmonary valve

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29
Q

Describe the orientation of the heart?

A

Apex points anteriorly, inferiorly and slightly to the left. Two thirds of heart mass lies to the left of the midline. Right border formed by right atrium, inferior border formed by right ventricle, left border formed by left ventricle

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30
Q

Describe the pericardium?

A

A double layered “bag” that encloses the heart to prevent damage by friction

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31
Q

Moving from the outside in, list the structures forming the wall of the heart?

A

Outside pericardial space > fibrous pericardium > parietal pericardium > pericardial space > epicardium/ visceral pericardium > myocardium > endocardium > inside ventricle (blood)

32
Q

What structures make up the pericardium?

A

Fibrous, parietal and visceral pericardium

33
Q

What structures make up the heart wall?

A

Epicardium, myocardium, endocardium

34
Q

Describe the conduction system of the heart?

A

SA node > AV node > AV bundle > bundle branches > purkinje fibres

35
Q

Describe how the SA node works?

A

The SA node spontaneously depolarises, slow (0.5m/s) conducts electrical impulse to the AV node

36
Q

Describe how the AV node works?

A

Very slow ( 0.05m/s) and causes a 100ms delay between atria firing and next step to allow ventricle to fill

37
Q

Describe how the AV bundle works?

A

Fast (5m/s) conducts electrical impulse from AV bundle to bundle branches and then to purkinje fibres, allows even ventricular contraction

38
Q

Describe the cardiac cycle?

A 
1 - ventricular filling
2 - atrial contraction
3 - isovolumetric ventricular contraction
4 - ventricular ejections
5 - isovolumetric ventricular ejection
39
Q

Describe ventricular filling?

A

Pressure in the ventricle is lower than that of the atrium, the mitral valve opens and blood flows from the atrium into the ventricle. Aortic valve is closed because pressure in the aorta is higher than in the ventricle.

40
Q

Describe atrial contraction?

A

The atrium contracts to complete the filling of the ventricle

41
Q

Describe isovolumetric ventricular contraction?

A

The ventricle begins to contract, blood moves back towards the atrium which closes the mitral valve (1st heart sound). The aortic valve is still closed. Pressure rises rapidly in the ventricle and volume remains the same

42
Q

Describe ventricular ejection?

A

Pressure in the ventricle exceeds than of the aorta and the aortic valve opens to allow blood to flow into the aorta

43
Q

Describe isovolumetric ventricular relaxation?

A

The ventricle relaxes, ventricular pressure drops and blood attempts to flow back into the ventricle which closes the aortic valve (2nd heart sound). mitral valve stays shut because ventricular pressure still exceeds atrial pressure. Ventricular pressure drops rapidly but volume remains the same.

44
Q

Describe elastic arteries?

A

Very large arteries near the heart, have elastic walls which reduce pulsatile effect of blood ejecting from the ventricles

45
Q

Describe muscular arteries?

A

Distribute blood around the body at high pressure, adjusts rate of blood flow using smooth muscle to constrict or dilate

46
Q

Describe arterioles?

A

Control blood flow into capillary beds, greatest pressure drop occurs in arterioles and greatest resistance to flow, have thicker muscular wall in comparison to their size

47
Q

Describe capillaries?

A

Small thin walled vessels which allow gas and nutrient exchange

48
Q

Describe venules?

A

Low pressure, drain capillary beds, hold white blood cells

49
Q

Describe veins?

A

Thin walled, low pressure, drain blood back to atria, reservoir to store blood

50
Q

Describe coronary arteries?

A

Supply the muscles of the heart with blood

51
Q

Describe mitral regurgitation?

A

Left ventricle dilates which causes the mitral valve fibrous rings to stretch meaning that the mitral valve can’t close properly. When the ventricle contracts, blood flows back into the atrium. Therefore each time the ventricle has to pump more than the normal volume of blood to compensate for the leakage

52
Q

What are some symptoms of mitral regurgitation?

A

Turbulence heard after the 1st heart sound using stethoscope, breathlessness

53
Q

Why does mitral regurgitation cause breathlessness?

A

Left atrium pressure increases, which has a knock on effect of increasing pulmonary venous and capillary pressure, which results in more capillary leakage, making the lungs heavier and wetter and more rigid, and therefore breathing requires more muscular work and is more laboured resulting in breathlessness

54
Q

Cardiac output = ?

A

Heart rate x stroke volume

55
Q

Describe the different points in a pressure volume loop?

A

A - mitral valve opens, atrium contracts = low pressure, low volume
» passive filling and atrial contraction = increase volume
B - mitral valve closes = low pressure, high volume
» isovolumetric contraction = increase pressure
C - aortic valve opens = high pressure, no volume change
» ejection of blood into aorta = decrease volume
D - aortic valve closes, isovolumetric relaxation = pressure drops, no volume change

56
Q

Describe a typical electrocardiogram?

A

P wave - caused by depolarisation of atrial contractile fibres (SA node action potential)
QRS complex - caused by depolarisation of ventricular contractile fibres
T wave - caused by repolarisation of ventricular contractile fibres

57
Q

Describe the steps involved in blood pressure regulation?

A

Decrease in blood pressure > detected by baroreceptors in carotid sinus and arch of aorta > stretch less which decreases rate of nerve impulses > detected by CV centre in medulla oblongata and adrenal medulla > increased sympathetic, decreased parasympathetic, increased secretion of epinephrine and norepinephrine from adrenal medulla > increased stroke volume and heart rate, increased cardiac output, constriction of blood vessels for increased vascular resistance and increased venous return > increased blood pressure > detected by baroreceptors continues feedback loop

58
Q

What hormones are involved in blood pressure regulation?

A

Epinephrine - increases blood pressure by increasing heart rate and contractility
Norepinephrine - increases blood pressure by increasing heart rate and contractility
Angiotensin II - increases blood pressure by causing vasoconstriction which increases resistance

59
Q

What do sympathetic nerves do to the heart?

A 
Increase rate of spontaneous depolarisation in SA node which increases heart rate
Increased contractility (epinephrine and norepinephrine) causes increased stroke volume
60
Q

What do parasympathetic (vagus) nerves do to the heart?

A

Decrease the rate of spontaneous depolarisation in the SA node which decreases heart rate

61
Q

What side of the heart is the SA node found on?

A

The right side

62
Q

When both the aortic and mitral valves are closed, what is happening with regards to pressure in the ventricle?

A

Both valves are shut during isovolumetric contraction and relaxation, so pressure is either rapidly increasing or decreasing

63
Q

During the cardiac cycle, when do the papillary muscles contract?

A

When the tricuspid and mitral valves are closing

64
Q

What type of valves have chordae tendinae?

A

Tricuspid and mitral valves

65
Q

Why do the pulmonary and aortic valves lack chordae tendinae?

A

Because they open or close depending on blood filling their cups

66
Q

What is in the space between the visceral and parietal pericardium?

A

Serous fluid to minimise friction

67
Q

During isovolumetric contraction which valves are open?

A

Both valves are shut

68
Q

During atrial contraction which valves are open?

A

The aortic valve is shut and the mitral valve is open

69
Q

What is the myocardium?

A

It is part of the heart wall and it is heart muscle

70
Q

What is the function of the papillary muscles?

A

To tighten the chordae tendinae by contracting during ventricular systole

71
Q

What effect would an increase in sympathetic activity have on cardiac output?

A

It would increase contractility, and therefore stroke volume and increase cardiac output

72
Q

On an electrocardiogram, what is the depolarisation of the ventricles represented by?

A

The QRS complex

73
Q

On an electrocardiogram, what is the depolarisation of the atria represented by?

A

The P wave

74
Q

On an electrocardiogram, what is the repolarisation of the ventricles represented by?

A

The T wave

75
Q

Why does blood flow most slowly through capillaries?

A

Because their total cross sectional area is largest

76
Q

What does the moderator band do?

A

It is part of the heart’s conduction system

MEDSCI 142 (4 decks)

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