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Exercise Physiology > Cardiovascular System > Flashcards

Cardiovascular System Flashcards

1
Q

Cardiac cycle

A
  • Mechanical and electrical events that happen in 1 heart beat
  • Diastole: relaxation - fill with blood and twice as long as systole
  • Systole: contraction
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2
Q

Heart rate regulation

A

Intrinsic:

  • Spontaneous rhythmicity: Special heart cells generate and spread electrical signals
  • SA node: pacemaker of heart
  • AV node: delay to fill ventricles
  • AV bundle: continues the stimulus
  • Purkinje fibers: spread impulse rapidly through ventricles
  • Intrinsic HR - 100 bpm

Extrinsic:
- Autonomic nervous system (sympathetic and parasympathetic ) and hormonal control

  • Parasympathetic system controls heart rate at rest
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3
Q

HR values

A

Rest: 60 to 100 bpm Exercise: Max 200 bpm Maximal heart rate: the max heart rate the heart can beat at. Impacted by age. 220-age= MAX HR

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4
Q
A

Loose electrode

  • Characterized by scribbles without distinguishable waves
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5
Q
A

Atrial fibrillation

  • Characterized by fluttering of P wave
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6
Q
A

Ventricular fibrillation

  • Characterized by small waves, no QRS
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7
Q
A

Sinus/Normal rhythm

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8
Q
A

Myocardial infarction

  • Characterized by unfinished QRS
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9
Q
A

Cardiac arrest/death

  • Characterized by no waves
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10
Q

Arrhythmias

A

Extrasystoles: extra beats

Premature atrial contraction (PAC): parts of the atria become prematurely electrically active and depolarization spontaneously prior to S-A node excitation

Premature ventricular contraction (PVC): premature excitation of ventricles. Ventricular fibrillation

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11
Q

Fick’s Equation

A

VO2 = Q (AO2-VO2)

AO2 = arterial oxygen

VO2 = venous O2

Importance: blood flow to an organ can be calculated and be diverted to active muscles

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12
Q

Blood Pressure Responses

A

- Resting cardiac output: 5L/min

  • Steady-state exercise: increases systolic pressure in first few mins and then levels off
  • Resistance exercise: increases blood pressure dramatically
  • Rest: 120/80 mmHg
  • Endurance: 175/80 mmHg
  • Bicep curl: 240/160 mmHg

- Leg press: 280/180 mmHg

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13
Q

Stroke Volume

A

- Volume of blood pumped in one heartbeat

  • Equation : EDV - ESV = SV
  • Exercise increases stroke volume
  • Training adaptation increases blood volume and reduces resistance to blood flow in peripheral tissues.
  • Rest: 50-70 ml/beat
  • Exercise: 110-130 ml/beat
  • Elite athletes have higher amounts so that their heart can beat less often
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14
Q

Frank Starling Mechanism

A

- SV increases in response to increased volume of blood in the heart

- Increased volume of blood stretches ventricular walls causing a more forceful contraction

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15
Q

Cardiac Output

A

- Volume of blood pumped per minute

  • total blood volume circulated about once every minute

- Equation: Q= HR x SV

  • in L/min

- Resting - 4.2 - 5.6 L/min

  • Increases with exercise
  • Increases through endurance training due to increase in SV
  • HR and SV are the factors that impact cardiac output
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16
Q

Poiseuille’s Law

A

Flow = (pressure gradient x vessel radius) / (vessel length x fluid viscosity)

17
Q

Blood distribution

A
  • Flows where its needed most (regions of increased metabolism; stomach after eating; peripheral for heat)

- Rest: Liver and kidneys 50% and muscles 20%

  • Heavy exercise: skeletal muscle 80% due to vasodilatioin and liver and kidneys very little due to vasoconstriction
18
Q

3 mechanisms that facilitate blood flow back to the heart

A
  1. 1-way venous valves - prevent backflow
  2. Muscle pump - smooth muscle squeezes
  3. Respiratory pump - changes in pressure
19
Q

Functions of blood

A
  1. Transport
  2. Temp regulation
  3. Acid base balance
20
Q

Components of blood

A
  • Whole blood: 55-60% plasma (mostly water, some protein) + 40-45% formed elements
  • Formed elements: RBC; WBC; platelets
  • Volume decreases 10% with dehydration
  • Volume increases 10% with training
  • Hematocrit: % of total blood volume composed of formed elements
21
Q

Blood doping

A
  • Intravenous infusion of blood to increase blood’s oxygen carrying capacity
  • Homologous: from donor
  • Autologous: from self
  • Benefits: increased lactate threshold, RBC count, endurance performance, VO2 max
22
Q

Regulation factors of blood flow during exercise

A
  1. Local: increased temp, CO2, acidity
  2. Neural: sympathetic and parasympathetic - overrides local factors
  3. Hormonal - Epi and Norepi - constricts everywhere but muscles

Exercise Physiology (7 decks)

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