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Human Bio Science > Cardiovascular System > Flashcards

Cardiovascular System Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Heart Location

A

Behind Sternum, slightly left in medial cavity of thorax. The media stinum and surrounded by pericardium.

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2
Q

Heart Functions

A

Pumps blood around the body. The blood carries gases, nutrients, wastes, hormones and other things.

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3
Q

Epicardium

A

Outter heart wall layer, supports blood vessels and nerves.

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4
Q

Myocardium

A

Middle layer made up of muscles

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5
Q

Endocardium

A

Inner layer (squamous epithelium) presents smooth surface to blood flow.

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6
Q

Pericardium

A

Consists of outter parietal layer and inner visceral layer. The visceral pericardium is the same as the epicardium and covers surface of heart.

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7
Q

Pericardium functions

A

Protect heart, hold heart in position, prevent over filling of heart with blood, fluid in pericardial cavity provides friction free environment for contraction.

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8
Q

Pulmonary circulation

A

To lungs and back to heart.

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9
Q

Systemic circulation

A

To rest of body systems and back to heart

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10
Q

Four Heart chambers

A

Two Atria and Two Ventricles

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11
Q

Two sets of valves

A

Two semi lunar valves and two atrioventricular valves

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12
Q

Veins

A

Return blood to heart - received by atria

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13
Q

Ventricles

A

Pump blood away from heart. Arteries take blood away from heart.

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14
Q

Valves

A

Prevent back flow of blood

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15
Q

Which circulation requires higher pressure

A

Systemic circulation

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16
Q

which ventricle is more muscular and thicker

A

Left Ventricle

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17
Q

What is pulmonary circulation

A

Blood supplied to delicate lung tissue for gas exchange from right side of heart

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18
Q

What is systemic circulation

A

Blood supplied to other body systems from left side of body

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19
Q

Coronary arteries

A

Begin at base of Aorta inside aortic semilunar valve and supply the heart with oxygenated blood.

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20
Q

Cardiac Veins

A

Coronary sinus drains the deoxygenated blood from the cardiac veins into the right atrium and into the pulmonary circuit.

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21
Q

Where are Atrioventricular valves located

A

Between atria and ventricles

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22
Q

Where are semilunar valves located

A

Between ventricles and the arteries leaving the heart

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23
Q

Lubb signifies what?

A

Closure of AV valves

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24
Q

Dubb signifies what?

A

Closure of semilunar valves

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25
Q

Systole

A

Contraction of the heart

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26
Q

Diastole

A

Relaxation of the Heart

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27
Q

What is blood pressure

A

Pressure exerted by blood on the wall of a blood vessel

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28
Q

When is Systolic pressure measured

A

measured when left ventricle is contracting and expelling blood into Aorta

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29
Q

When is Diastolic pressure measured

A

Measured when the left ventricle is relaxing and blood is flowing into the peripheral blood vessels

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30
Q

What is a heart murmur

A

When leaky valves allow blood to flow backwards - creating a swishing sound or murmur.

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31
Q

What is stenosis

A

narrowing of arteries or valves

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32
Q

What causes heart contractions

A 
Sinoatrial noda (sa)
Atrioventricular node (av)
Atrioventricular bundle
left and right branches
purkinje fibres
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33
Q

Depolarisation does what?

A

Causes contraction

34
Q

Repolarisation does what?

A

Relax, get ready again for contraction

35
Q

P Wave

A

sa node sends impulse

36
Q

P R Interval

A

Impulse delayed at av node so ventricles can fill

37
Q

QRS

A

Impulse passed to ventricles, Ventricles contract

38
Q

T Wave

A

Ventricular repolarisation, ventricles getting ready for next contraction

39
Q

ECG Cycle

A

atria have filled with blood, sa sends out impulse, atria depolarise and contract.

40
Q

fibrous annulus

A

non conducting tissue separates atria from ventricles and the delay at the av node.

41
Q

Sympathetic nerves

A

increase heart rate and the force of contraction

42
Q

Parasympathetic nerve (vagus nerve)

A

decreases heart rate

43
Q

Blood vessels

A

transport blood which carries gases, nutrients, wastes, hormones etc

44
Q

Arteries

A

Take blood away from the heart.

45
Q

Veins

A

Transport blood back to the heart

46
Q

Large Arteries

A

Elastic Artery - allows expansion and contraction so blood can flow smoothly.
Muscular Artery - Distribute blood to parts of body

47
Q

Small Arteries

A

Arteriole - Smooth muscle allows regulation of blood flow to capillaries.
Capillary - Vessles and connect arteries and veins. Sites of exchange.

48
Q

Small Veins

A

Venule - Formed by capillaries joining together.

Vein - Formed by venues joining together.

49
Q

How many layers to Arteries and Veins have?

A

3

50
Q

Name the three layers (Tunicas)

A

Externia tunica - Outta layer - Connective tissue, collagen
Media tunica - Middle layer - Smooth muscle and elastic fibres
Intima tunica - Inner layer - simple squamous epithelia

51
Q

Why are veins thinner than arteries?

A

Because blood pressure is lower

52
Q

Capillaries

A

Blood flows thru capillaries and can be regulated according to need.

53
Q

Why do Veins have valves?

A

Have valves to ensure the one way flow of blood back to heart. Prevent back flow.

54
Q

What is a respiratory pump

A

when we breath in, pressure in thoracic cavity drops. Blood drawn towards thoracic cavity. When we breath out, pressure in thoracic cavity increases, veins are squeezed and blood pushed towards the heart.

55
Q

What is a pulse

A

pressure wave felt in an artery. pressure wave is a result of left ventricle contracting - systolic pressure

56
Q

What is mean arterial pressure (MAP)

A

Propels blood to the tissues.

57
Q

How do we work out the pulse pressure?

A

Systolic - diastolic = answer

58
Q

How do we work out the Mean Arterial Pressure (MAP)?

A

diastolic + 1/3 pulse pressure = answer

59
Q

What is cardiac output

A

heart rate x stroke volume = cardiac output

60
Q

what is stroke volume

A

Amount of blood ejected from ventricle during one contraction. Difference between EDV and ESV.

61
Q

Is your BP higher or lower with the MORE blood your heart pumps out?

A

Higher

62
Q

Increase Blood Volume = ?

A

Increase blood volume = increase BP

63
Q

Decrease Blood Volume = ?

A

Decrease blood volume = decrease BP

64
Q

What does Baroreceptor do?

A

Monitors blood pressure

65
Q

what does Vasomotor do?

A

Allows veins to constrict or dilate.

66
Q

What is peripheral resistance?

A 
Vasoconstriction/dialation
Thicker Blood (High haematocrit)
Increased Length
67
Q

What does Vasoconstriction do to blood pressure?

A

Increases BP

68
Q

What does Vasodilation do to blood pressure?

A

Lowers BP

69
Q

How do we reduce cardiac output?

A

Reduce heart rate and stroke volume

70
Q

Blood vessles do what to reduce BP?

A

Dilate

71
Q

What is Bainbridge Reflex?

A

Results in a increase in heart rate to ‘clear’ extra blood

72
Q

What is mares law?

A

Inverse relationship between BP and HR. If BP too high, HR will decrease to compensate, if BP is too low, HR will increase to compensate.

73
Q

What is Frank Starlings law?

A

The force of ventricular contraction is determined by the length of the cardiac muscle fibres.

74
Q

What happens to BP during exercise?

A

Increased muscle contraction = increases skeletal muscle pump = increases blood flow back to heart.

Increased rate and depth of respiration = increases blood flow into the thoracic cavity (during inspiration) and blood entering the heart (during expiration).

75
Q

Proprioceptor

A

Increased muscle activity is a stimulus and detected by receptors called Proprioceptors.

76
Q

Chemoreceptor

A

Detects acidity increase/decrease. Chemoreceptor stimulate increase in cardiac output and respiratory rate to return body to homeostasis.

77
Q

End diastolic volume (EDV)

A

Amount of blood in the ventricle at end of diastole. (relaxation and filling of ventricle)

78
Q

End systolic volume (ESV)

A

Amount of blood in ventricle at end of systole. (After contraction and ‘emptying’ of ventricle)

79
Q

Preload

A

Degree to which ventricular muscle is stretched just before contracting.

80
Q

Afterload

A

Pressure ventricles must overcome to push blood through semilunar valves as ventricles are contracting.

81
Q

How do we work out Cardiac Output?

A

Stroke Volume x Heart rate

Human Bio Science (1 decks)

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