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Biology Unit 2 > Cardiovascular System > Flashcards

Cardiovascular System Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the cardiovascular system made up of?

A

Blood vessels and the heart

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2
Q

What does blood transport around the body?

A 
Oxygen to respiring cells
Carbon dioxide away from respiring cells
Digested food to the liver for processing and storage
Urea from the liver to kidneys
Hormones and antibodies
Distributing heat
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3
Q

What does blood travel away from the hear in?

A

arteries

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4
Q

What special feature does the artery wall have to withstand the high pressure generated by one contraction of the heart muscle tissue

A

It has a thick layer of muscle and extra elastic layers

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5
Q

What do arteries divide into?

A

Smaller arterioles and continue to divide until they become capillaries

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6
Q

What travels through capillaries?

A

Red blood cells only, travelling in singe file

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7
Q

Why is the capillary one cell thick?

A

So that materials can diffuse easily to and from the blood.

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8
Q

What do capillaries join together to form?

A

Venules

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9
Q

What do venules join together to form?

A

Veins

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10
Q

What do veins carry?

A

Low pressure blood

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11
Q

What is the structure of a vein?

A

Thin layer of muscle and may include valves

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12
Q

What is the purpose of the valves?

A

To prevent blood flowing back

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13
Q

What is the myocardium made up of?

A

Cardiac muscle

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14
Q

What is the structure of the cardiac muscle?

A

Small interconnected cells

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15
Q

What do the interconnections allow?

A

The rapid spread impulses that cause the contractions of the heart from cell to cell

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16
Q

Where are these impulses initiated?

A

By the sinoartial node high in the right atrium

17
Q

What is the spread of the impulses coordinated to do?

A

To make the atria contract first to pump the blood into the ventricle

18
Q

What follows the contraction of the atria?

A

The contraction of the ventricles, this contraction of the ventricle starts at the base of the ventricles and pumps blood out of the heart at high pressure.

19
Q

What is diastole?

A

Relaxation of the ventricle and the atria are pumping blood into the ventricles.

20
Q

What is systole?

A

When the ventricles contract

21
Q

What does Dr sync

A

Diastole is Relaxation. Systole is when the ventricles Contract.

22
Q

What is heart rate? (HR)

A

The number of heart contractions in one minute

23
Q

What is stroke volume? (SV)

A

The volume of blood pumped out by one ventricle during one systole

24
Q

What is cardiac output?

A

The volume of blood pumped by one ventrical in one minute. CO = HR x SV

25
Q

What is blood pressure?

A

The pressure during systole and diastole (measured in millimetres of mercury)

26
Q

Why does the CVS have to deliver of more oxygen during exercise?

A

To provide for increased respiration in skeletal muscles

27
Q

What happens to cardiac output during exercise

A

Increases

28
Q

What happens to heart rate during exercise?

A

Increases

29
Q

What happens to the atria walls when HR increases?

A

The atria receives more blood back from the body, so the atrial walls become more distended.

30
Q

What is the effect of the distended atrial walls?

A

The distension causes the force of the atrial contraction to increase, so more blood is pumped into the ventricles.

31
Q

What is the effect of the increased volume of blood delivered by the atria?

A

The distension of the ventricle increases.
Stroke volume increases
Increased force of contraction so systolic pressure increases.

32
Q

How is the blood flow to skeletal muscles increased?

A

Vasodilation

33
Q

What is done to keep the heart muscle aerobic?

A

Increased blood flow through the coronary arteries

34
Q

What happens to the blood flow to the gut and kidneys?

A

Decreases by vasoconstriction.

35
Q

What happens as the body heats up during exercise?

A

The blood flow to the skin is increased by vasodilation, which increases the radiation of heat from the body’s surface.

36
Q

Which organ has unaltered blood flow during exercise?

A

Brain

37
Q

What is the recovery time?

A

The time taken for the CVS parameters to return to normal after exercise.

38
Q

What happens to the by-products during the recovery time?

A

They are removed from the muscles and enter the bloodstream for transport to the kidneys, liver or lungs for processing or removal.

Biology Unit 2 (2 decks)

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