Cardiovascular System Flashcards
(31 cards)
What are the causes of dysrhythmias?
Disturbance of heart rhythm
Abnormal rate of impulse generation or abnormal impulse conduction.
What are the major risk factors for coronary disease?
dyslipidemia, HTN, smoking
What is an aneurysm?
aneurysm is a local dilation or out pouching of vessel wall or cardiac chamber.
What are the types of true aneurysms?
Circumferential: all the way around
Saccular: one side
dissecting saccular: tear in layer of vessel
What is a false aneurysm?
extra vascular hematoma caused by a leak between a vascular graft and a natural artery
What are the affects arteriosclerosis has on the cardiovascular system and why?
Abnormal thickening/hardening of arteries
Differences between Ischemia, infarction, and necrosis
ischemia: cells are temporarily deprived of blood supply. Decreased coronary blood supply cannot meet oxygen needs of myocardium
infarction: prolonged ischemia causing irreversible myocardial injury
necrosis: death of myocyte
Primary HTN
idiopathic; genetic and environmental factors
Secondary HTN
caused by underlying disease i.e. renal artery stenosis, diabetic nephropathy
Stable angina and characteristics
chronic coronary obstruction; recurrent and predictable, chest pain. Tx with rest and nitro
Prinzmetal angina and characteristics
abnormal vasospasm, unpredictable pain at rest
Unstable angina
Reversible myocardial ischemia and impending infarction; transient episodes of vasoconstriction and vessel occlusion
Right heart failure causes
caused by R ventricular infarction or pulmonary disease; a cause of LHF
Right heart failure symptoms
Backwards: lower extremity edema, nausea, anorexia, abdominal distention
Forward: low output so not perfusing brain and kidneys well – fatigue, oliguria, faint pulses, confusion, inc HR
Left heart failure causes
Increase PVR makes heart work harder leading to hypertrophy of ventricle causing remodeling and decreased contractility
Left heart failure symptoms
Backwards: (going to lungs) dyspnea of exertion, orthopnea (sob), cough, cyanosis
Forwards: (low output so not perfusing brain or kidneys) fatigue, oliguria, faint pulses, confusion, inc HR
Cardiac enzymes useful in determining myocardial function
Cardiac Troponin I: most specific
CPK-MB
Frank-Starling law
Rubber band: more stretch results in harder contraction
Stenotic valve
failure to open properly causing pressure gradient across the valve and increasing pressure work of the heart
Regurgitant valve
allows blood to flow backwards cause increased volume of work of the heart
Mitral valve prolapse
most common, most prevalent in young females, genetic influence,
symptoms: usually asymptomatic but can have palpitations, anxiety, light headed, dyspnea
may have mid-systolic click
Genesis and formation of atherosclerotic lesion
thickening and hardening caused by lipid-laden macrophages in arterial wall causing plaque development. Leading cause of coronary artery and cerebrovascular disease.
Inflammation - cellular proliferation - macrophage migration - LDL oxidation - fatty streak - forms fibrous plaque - complicated plaque
Venous thromboembolism
most common cause of pulmonary embolism caused by a DVT that has broken free.
Sources of emboli
dislodged thrombus, air bubble, amniotic fluid, fat, bacteria, cancer cells or foreign substance
