Cardiovascular System

Question 1

Front:
→ Which valves close to produce the S1 heart sound?
→ What phase of the cardiac cycle starts immediately after S1?

Answer 1

Back:
• Mitral and Tricuspid valves close (AV valves).
• Start of Ventricular Systole.

Question 2

Front:
→ Name the murmurs heard during systole.
→ What does systole mean in terms of valve status?

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Answer 2

Back:
• Systolic murmurs:
• Aortic Stenosis (AS)
• Pulmonary Stenosis (PS)
• Mitral Regurgitation (MR)
• Tricuspid Regurgitation (TR)
• Systole = AV valves closed, Semilunar valves open.

Question 3

Front:
→ What ion is responsible for the rapid depolarisation (upstroke) in SA node vs Ventricular Myocyte?

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Answer 3

Back:
• SA Node: Calcium (Ca²⁺ influx)
• Ventricular Myocyte: Sodium (Na⁺ influx)

Question 4

Front:
→ What phase corresponds to the plateau phase in the ventricular action potential, and what ions are moving?

Answer 4

Back:
• Phase 2 = Plateau.
• Ca²⁺ influx balances K⁺ efflux, keeping membrane potential stable for a moment.

Question 5

Front:
→ Which phase of the cardiac cycle is associated with all valves being closed and rising ventricular pressure?

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Answer 5

Back:
• Isovolumetric Contraction.
• Purpose: Build up pressure to exceed aortic/pulmonary artery pressure.

Question 6

Front:
→ What is the normal Ejection Fraction (EF)?
→ What EF range indicates moderate systolic dysfunction?

Answer 6

Back:
• Normal EF: >55%
• Moderate Systolic Dysfunction: ~30–40% EF