CardioVascular system

Question 1

what is blood?

Answer 1

a fluid connective tissue that acts as the distribution center of the body. It has a variety of functions such as transporting gases, nutrients, enzymes, hormones, and many more

Question 2

What is plasma?

Answer 2

The fluid part of blood.

Question 3

how does plasma differ from interstitial fluid?

Answer 3

concentration of dissolved gases and proteins. Otherwise, they are same.

Question 4

What is plasma composed of?

Answer 4

electrolytes (ion comp)

Albumins 60%, Globulins 30%, and Fibrinogen 4%. Lipoproteins make up rest.

Albumin: Major contributor to osmotic pressure, transports non-amino acid hormones and some lipids

Globulins: immunoglobulins (antibodies) and transport globulins transport ions, hormones, and lipids

Fibrinogen: blood clotting

Lipoproteins:

Question 5

structure and concentration of RBC (erythrocytes)

Answer 5

specialized shape provides large SA for diffusion.
Stackable to reduce vessel damage
strong and flexible
42-45% of formed blood elements

Question 6

when do RBCs lose most organelles?

Answer 6

differentiation and maturation

Question 7

how often does blood travel through the body?

Answer 7

every 30 seconds

Question 8

RBC lifespan and replacement rate?

Answer 8

1% replaced daily (3 million a second) and lifespan is 120 days

Question 9

what are blood cells composed of?

Answer 9

66% water and 33% proteins.

Hemoglobin:
-95% of RBC protein
-facilitates gas trans
-4 chains: polypeptide, heme, and iron
-each RBC holds ~280 million hemoglobin which is 1 billion o2 molecules
-hemoglobin can also carry 23% of co2

Question 10

Blood typing

Answer 10

study separately

Question 11

what are white blood cells (WBCs and leukocytes)

Answer 11

scattered in blood and tissue, classified into 2 types: Granular/Agranular

-attracted by chemicals secreted by damaged tissue

Question 12

what are granulocytes?

Answer 12

Neutrophils:
-Granules filled with lysosomal enzymes and bactericides
-high mobile 1st responders
-short living and die after consuming target

Eosinophils:
-filled with eosin (acid)
-attack objects covered in antibodies by releasing enzymes

Basophils:
-rare
-secrete granules of histamine and heparin
-attract eosinophils and more basophils

Question 13

what are agranulocytes?

Answer 13

monocytes:
-largest WBCs
-free macrophages
-highly mobile
-circulate for a few days
-attract more monocytes and fibrocytes

lymphocytes:
-RBC sized
-lymphatic system
-specific immunity
-3 types:
-T cells: attack directly
-B cells: form plasma that secretes antibodies
-NK cells: target abnormal cells

Question 14

what are platelets?

Answer 14

fragments of cells produced by megakaryocytes

each MKC produces abt 4000 platelets a day

exist for 12 days

stored in various organs until needed

functions:
initiate and control clotting
form plugs when clumped
seal edges of vessel walls after injury

Question 15

blood cell production

Answer 15

erythropoiesis:
-regulated by erythropoietin
-occurs in red bone marrow
-requires amino acids, iron, and vit b12

leukopoiesis/lymphopoiesis:
-occurs in red bone marrow
-early lymphocytes mature in lymph tissues
-regulatory factors are poorly understood