cardiovascular system

Question 1

what is the function of the heart?

Answer 1

to pump blood

Question 2

what are the function of the blood vessels?

Answer 2

to transport substances around the body

Question 3

what is the function of the blood?

Answer 3

delivers substances
EG- blood and glucose

Question 4

where is the heart located?

Answer 4

slightly to the left, in the mediastinum
(gap between lungs)

Question 5

what is the position of the heart in the chest?

Answer 5

in the THORACIC CAVITY, protected by the RIBS, POSTERIOR (behind) the STERNUM, ANTERIOR (in front) of the spine, SUPERIOR (on top) of the DIAPHRAGM, MID (between) the lungs

Question 6

where does the apex of the heart sit?

Answer 6

on the MID CLAVICULAR line, 5th intercostal space (between rib 4 and 5)

Question 7

where does the base of the heart sit?
(tip: base is NOT the bottom of the heart)

Answer 7

at the 2nd intercostal space

Question 8

what is the pericardial sac?

Answer 8

the sac of fluid the heart sits in

Question 9

what are the two layers of the pericardial sac?

Answer 9

the perietal layer (outer)
the visceral layer (inner)

Question 10

what is the name of the protein rich fluid between the two membranes?

Answer 10

pericardial fluid

Question 11

what is the function of the pericardial fluid?

Answer 11

lubricates and prevents friction

Question 12

what are the 4 layers of the heart?

Answer 12

Pericardium, Epicardium, Myocardium, Endocardium

Question 13

what are the two circulations of the heart?

Answer 13

the systemic circulation (systemic system)
the pulmonary circulation (pulmonary system)

Question 14

whats the function of the systemic system?

Answer 14

it is from the LEFT side of the heart and delivers substances TO the tissues of the BODY

Question 15

whats the function of the pulmonary system (circulation)?

Answer 15

takes DEOXYGENATED BLOOD from the RIGHT side of the heart TO the LUNGS

Question 16

what are the four chambers of the heart?

Answer 16

left atrium, left ventricle, right atrium, right ventricle

Question 17

whats the function of the left atrium?

Answer 17

receives OXYGENATED blood FROM the LUNGS, via PULMONARY VEINS

Question 18

whats the function of the left ventricle?

Answer 18

PUMPS OXYGENATED blood to the rest of the BODY, via the AORTA

Question 19

whats the function of the right atrium?

Answer 19

RECEIVES DEOXYGENATED blood from the rest of the BODY, via the VENA CAVA

Question 20

whats the function of the right ventricle?

Answer 20

PUMPS DEOXYGENATED blood to the LUNGS, via PULMONARY ARTERIES

Question 21

what are the two types of valves in the heart?

Answer 21

atrioventricular valves, semilunar valves

Question 22

what are the atrioventricular valves?

Answer 22

tricuspid
bicuspid (mitral)

Question 23

what are the semilunar valves?

Answer 23

aortic
pulmonary

Question 24

what is the cardiac cycle?

Answer 24

a series of pressure changes in the heart

Question 25

what is atrial systole?

Answer 25

where the ventricles are relaxed, meaning the atria are contracting allowing valves to open and blood to flow into the ventricles

Question 26

what is ventricular systole?

Answer 26

where the atria are relaxed, meaning the ventricles are contracting allowing the blood to flow out aorta and pulmonary artery

Question 27

what are the two important roles of the electrical conduction system?

Answer 27

having pacemaker cells, ensuring the chambers of heart contract in coordinated way

Question 28

what are the components of the conduction system?

Answer 28

SA node, AV node, bundle of his, bundle branches, purkinje fibres

Question 29

where is the SA node located?

Answer 29

the right atrium, with pacemakers cells inside

Question 30

where is the AV node located?

Answer 30

in the septum between the atria

Question 31

where is the bundle of his located?

Answer 31

found in septum between the ventricles

Question 32

what is the function of myocytes? (heart muscle cells)

Answer 32

receives electrical activity to tell them they need to contract

Question 33

what is cardiac output? (CO)

Answer 33

the volume of blood ejected by the LEFT VENTRICLE per minute

Question 34

what is the product of CO?

Answer 34

CO=HRxSV

Question 35

what regulates cardiac output?

Answer 35

baroreceptors- a type of receptor that detects changes in BP

Question 36

what is pre-load?

Answer 36

the volume of blood in the ventricles at the end of diastole

Question 37

what are the factors that increase preload?

Answer 37

- lower heart rate - increase in venous return - increase in cardiac contractility

Question 38

what is afterload?

Answer 38

resistance that the left ventricle must overcome to circulate blood

Question 39

what is contractility?

Answer 39

the ability of the heart muscle to contract and therefore pump blood

Question 40

what are the factors decreasing contractility?

Answer 40

- hypothermia - cardiomyopathy