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ANAPHY > Cardiovascular System > Flashcards

Cardiovascular System Flashcards

1
Q

a closed system of the heart and blood vessels

A

cardiovascular system

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2
Q

what are the functions of the cardiovasculat system?

A

transport of oxygen, nutrients, cell wastes, hormones to and from cells

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3
Q

organ that is the size of the fist

A

heart

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4
Q

what is the anatomical location of the heart

A

can be found in the medial of the lungs, specifically in the lower mediastinum

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5
Q

where is the apex directed and where does the heart rest?

A

apex is directed toward the left hip and rests on the diaphragm, approximately at the level of the 5th intercostal space

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6
Q

a double-walled sac, keeps heart in place, made up of 3 layers

A

pericardium

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7
Q

it is the loose & superficial layer, anchors the heart to the surrounding structures

A

outer fibrous layer

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8
Q

deep to the fibrous pericardium, slippery and two-layered

A

inner serous membrane pair

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9
Q

lines the interior of the fibrous pericardium (external)

A

parietal pericardium

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10
Q

also known as the epicardium, the outermost layer of the heart (internal)

A

visceral pericardium

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11
Q

produced by the serous pericardial membranes and collected in the pericardial cavity between these serous layers

A

lubricating serous fluid

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12
Q

outside layer, the visceral pericardium

A

epicardium

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13
Q

covering : _____ ; wall: _____

A

visceral ; epicardium

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14
Q

middle layer and thickest layer, mostly cardiac muscles

A

myocardium

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15
Q

linked together by intercalated discs, which contain both desmosomes and gap junctions

A

myocardial cells

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16
Q

reinforced internally by a network of dense fibrous connective tissue

A

skeleton of the heart

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17
Q

inner layer also known as endothelium, creates smooth inner lining to allow smooth flow of blood within the heart

A

endocardium

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18
Q

how many chambers or cavities does the heart have?

A

4

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19
Q

what wall is lined in the 4 chambers?

A

endocardium

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20
Q

primarily receiving chambers, not important in the pumping activity, assist with filling the ventricles

A

atria/atrium

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21
Q

what type of pressure does blood flow into the atria?

A

under low pressure from the veins of the body

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22
Q

the discharging chambers or actual pumps of the heart

A

ventricles

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23
Q

when ventricles contract

A

blood is propelled out of the heart and into circulation

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24
Q

forms most of the heart’s anterior surface

A

right ventricle

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25
Q

forms the heart’s apex

A

left ventricle

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26
Q

separates the 2 atria longitudinally

A

interatrial septum

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27
Q

separates the two ventricles longitudinally

A

interventricular septum

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28
Q

separates upper from lower portion, indent on the side

A

coronary sulcus

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29
Q

where does the heart receive oxygen-poor blood?

A

veins of the body through the superior and inferior vena cava and pumps it through the pulmonary trunk

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30
Q

carries blood away from the heart

A

arteries, arterioles, aorta

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31
Q

carries blood back to the heart

A

veins, venula, vena canva

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32
Q

works as the pulmonary circuit pump

A

right side

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33
Q

works as the systemic circuit

A

left side

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34
Q

what is the function of the pulmonary circulation?

A

carries blood to the lungs for gas exchange and then return it to the heart

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35
Q

path of the pulmonary circulation

A

blood flows from the right side of the heart pumps blood to the lungs; then back to the left side

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36
Q

function of the superior vena cava

A

drains everything above the diaphragm

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37
Q

function of the inferior vena canva

A

drains everything below the diaphragm

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38
Q

what is the function of the coronary sinus

A

drains blood from the actual heart wall

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39
Q

steps of the pulmonary circulation?

A

organ system -> deoxygenated blood -> SVC, IVC, and CS -> RA -> tricuspid valve -> RV ->pulmonary semilunar valve -> pulmonary trunk -> pulmonary arteries -> lungs (exchange of gases) -> pulmonary veins (oxygenated)

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40
Q

circulation that carries oxygenated blood from

A

systemic circulation

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41
Q

path of systemic circulation

A

pulmonary veins -> LA -> bicuspid valve -> LV -> aortic semilunar valve -> aorta -> systemic arteries 0> back to organ systems

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42
Q

why does the left ventricle have ticker walls?

A

it pumps blood over a much larger pathway (for all tissues)

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43
Q

what is the function of heart valves

A

allows blood to flow in only one direction to prevent backflow into the atria when ventricle contract

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44
Q

valves in between the atria and the ventricle

A

atrioventricular valves

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45
Q

what is the left AV valve

A

bicuspid valve (mitral); consists of 2 flaps of endocardium

46
Q

what is the right AV valve

A

tricuspid valve; has three flaps

47
Q

it anchors the cusps in place to the walls of the ventricles

A

chordae tendineae or heart strings

48
Q

when are the AV valves open?

A

during heart relaxation; blood passively fills the chambers

49
Q

when are the AV valves closed?

A

when ventricles contracts; chordae tendineae tightens

50
Q

guards the base of the 2 large arteries leaving the ventricular chambers

A

semilunar valves (pulmonary and aortic)

51
Q

when are semilunar valves open?

A

during heart contraction

52
Q

when are semilunar valves closed?

A

during heart relaxation

53
Q

what does the heart nourishing circulatory system consist of?

A

coronary arteries, cardiac veins, coronary sinus

54
Q

branches from the aorta to supply the heart muscle with oxygenated blood

A

coronary arteries

55
Q

coronary arteries on the left side

A

anterior interventricular artery and circumflex artery

56
Q

coronary arteries on the right side

A

posterior interventricular artery and marginal artery

57
Q

drains the myocardium of blood, collects deoxygenated blood

A

cardiuac veins

58
Q

a large vein on the posterior of the heart,m receives blood from cardiac veins (empties into the RA via this vein)

A

coronary sinus

59
Q

unifying control system or also known as the nodal system

A

intrinsic conduction system

60
Q

this sets the heart rhythm, composed of special nervous tissue, and regulates the blood pressure

A

intrinsic conduction system

61
Q

the two systems that regulate heart activity

A

autonomic nervous system, intrinsic conduction system (nodal system)

62
Q

involuntary movement of the heart

A

autonomic nervous system

63
Q

starts each heartbeat, often called the pacemaker

A

sinoatrial node (SA node)

64
Q

impulse is delayed briefly in this node to ensure that blood in the atria is pumped into the ventricle

A

AV node

65
Q

where do impulses travels through from the heart?

A

AV bundle, bundle branches, and purkinje fibers

66
Q

smaller, nerve impulses will be faster

A

atria

67
Q

bigger; ticker wall, there is a delay

A

ventricle

68
Q

rapid heart rate; >100 bpm

A

tachycardia

69
Q

slow heart rate, <60 bpm

A

bradycardia

70
Q

systole

A

contraction

71
Q

diastole

A

relaxation

72
Q

what is the average heart rate?

A

75 bpm

73
Q

what is the avg cardiac cycle length

A

0.8 second

74
Q

SA node creates nerve impulses and distributes it in the atrium

A

Atrial Diastole (ventricular filling)

75
Q

nerve impulses reaches the AV node causing the atria to contract

A

atrial systole

76
Q

transmission of nerve impulses in the AV bundle - L & R bundle branches - purkinje fibers

A

isovolumetric contraction

77
Q

ventricles continue to contract, intraventricular pressure now surpasses the pressure in the major arteries, semilunar valves open

A

ventricular systole (ejection phase)

78
Q

ventricular diastole begins, pressure falls below the major arteries, semilunar valves close

A

isovolumetric relaxation

79
Q

longer and louder heart sound caused by the closing of the AV valves

A

Lub

80
Q

short, sharp heart sounds, snapping sound, caused by the closing of the semilunar valves at the end of ventricular systole

A

Dup

81
Q

amount of blood pumped by each side (ventricle) of the heart in 1 minute

A

cardiac output

82
Q

volume of blood pumped by each ventricle in one contraction

A

stroke volume

83
Q

what law states that the critical factor controlling SV is how much cardiac muscle is stretched

A

starling’s law of the heart

84
Q

blood returning to the heart

A

venous return

85
Q

the ventricles are relaxed and filling

A

length of time

86
Q

consists of the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous system

A

nerual (ANS) controls

87
Q

nervous system speeds heart rate

A

sympathetic

88
Q

primarily vagus nerve fibers, slow and steady the heart rate

A

parasympathetic

89
Q

factors modifying basic heart rate

A

neural (ANS) controls, hormones and ions, physical factors

90
Q

transports everything that must be carried from one place to another, the only fluid tissue

A

blood

91
Q

nonliving fluid matrix in the blood

A

plasma

92
Q

characteristics of blood:

A

sticky, opaque, heavier and ticker than water, oxygen-rich is scarlet red, oxygen-poor is dull red or purple, metallic, pH between 7.35 and 7.45

93
Q

liters of blood found in a healthy adult

A

5-6 liters

94
Q

dissolved substances in plasma of plasma

A

nutrients, salts, respiratory gases, hormones, plasma proteins, waste products

95
Q

most abundant solutes in plasma, most are made by the liver

A

plasma protein

96
Q

important blood buffer and contributes to osmotic pressure

A

albumin

97
Q

helps to stem blood loos when a blood vessel is injured

A

clotting proteins

98
Q

help protect body from the pathogens

A

antibodies

99
Q

formed elements (hematocrit)

A

erythrocytes, leukocyte, platelets

100
Q

main function is to carry oxygen, anucleate, contains organelles, lacks mitochondria, bags of hemoglobin, shaped like biconcave discs

A

erythrocytes

101
Q

iron-bearing protein, binds oxygen

A

hemoglobin

102
Q

decrease in the oxygen-carrying ability of the blood due to lower-than-normal number of RBCsand abnormal deficient hemoglobin content in RBC

A

Anemia

103
Q

results from abnormally shaped hemoglobin

A

sickle cell anemia (SCA)

104
Q

disorder resulting from excessive or abnormal increase of RBCs due to bone marrow cancer, life at higher altitudes

A

polycthemia

105
Q

white blood cells, crucial in body’s defense against disease, complete cells, with nucleus and organelles

A

leukocytes

106
Q

wbc count is above 11,000 cells per mm3 of blood, includes and infection

A

leukocytosis

107
Q

abnormally low wbc count, caused by certain drugs

A

leukopenia

108
Q

bone marrow becomes cancerous, numerous immature wbc are produced

A

leukemia

109
Q

types of leukocytes

A

granulocytes and agranulocytes

110
Q

type of leukocytes that possess lobed nuclei

A

granulocytes

111
Q

type of leukocytes that lack visible cytoplasmic granules, nuclei are spherical, oval, kidney-shaped, include lymphocytes and monocytes

A

agranulocytes

112
Q
A

ANAPHY (1 decks)

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