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Cardiovascular System > Cardiovascular System > Flashcards

Cardiovascular System Flashcards

1
Q

what are the main components of the cardiovascular system?

A

blood vessels
blood
heart

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2
Q

what is the cardiovascular system?

A
  • A series of tubes: The blood vessels
  • Filled with fluid: Blood
  • Closed system
  • Connected to a pump: Heart
  • Pulmonary and systemic circulatory systems
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3
Q

what is the main overview of the cardiovascular system?

A
  • Pressure generated in the heart propels blood through the system continuously
  • The blood picks up oxygen(lungs), nutrients (GI) and deliver these to the body cells.
  • Simultaneously remove cellular wastes for excretion (liver/renal system)
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4
Q

what is the primary function of the cardiovascular system?

A

The transport of materials to and from all parts of the body.

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5
Q

Why does the blood only flow in one direction?

A

The valves in the heart and veins prevent the backflow of blood

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6
Q

How does the blood pressure change around the body?

A
  • Flows down a pressure gradient
  • Highest at the heart (driving P), decreases over distance
  • Hydrostatic pressure in vessels
  • Decreases 90% from aorta to vena cava because of friction which causes resistance
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7
Q

what is the heart composed of?

A

myocardium

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8
Q

Which side of the heart has bicuspid AV valves and which has tricuspid AV valves?

A

Right side has tricuspid
Left side has bicuspid

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9
Q

What is the name of the valves between the heart and the blood vessels?

A

semilunar

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10
Q

What is the name of the left AV valve?

A

mitral valve

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11
Q

What is the gap between the heart and the fibrous pericardium called?

A

The pericardial cavity

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12
Q

List some coronary arteries

A

*Left/right coronary artery
*Right (acute) marginal artery
*Left (obtuse) marginal artery
*Posterior descending artery

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13
Q

What are the cardiac cells and their function?

A

Myocardial cells Bulk of the heart
* Contractile cells – mechanical force

Pacemaker cells (autorhythmic cells) 1%
* Spontaneous action potentials – coordinate contraction
* No contribution to mechanical force Action potentials (pacemakers) – excitation myocardium – contraction(Excitation-Contraction coupling)

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14
Q

Describe the electrical conduction in the heart

A

*SA node produces an action potential which travels through the atria causing contraction.
*Action potential reaches AV node which sends potential down the bundle of His to the purkinje fibres.
*This causes the ventricles to contract.

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15
Q

Describe excitation-contraction coupling (EEC)

A
  1. Impulse arrives at the muscle cell membrane- in the form of electric current (Action Potential)
  2. Plasma membrane is depolarized subsequently leading to cellular depolarization.
  3. Depolarization spreads to T-tubules in muscle(cardiac, skeletal) generating a contraction (Ca2+wave)
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16
Q

What are the phases of myocardial cell action potential?

A

*Phase 4: Resting membrane potential. *Phase 0: Depolarization.
Voltage-gated Na+ channels opens generating an inward Na+ current .
*Phase 1: Initial repolarization.
Na+ channels close. K+ channels opens. Outward K+ current
*Phase 2: Plateau.
Two events:
1) decrease in K+ permeability (smaller outward current)
2) Ca+ inward current
*Phase 3: Repolarization.
Ca+ channels close and K+ channels opens (again).Outward K+ current. Causes a prolonged refractory period.

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17
Q

Why is there a long refectory period in cardiac muscle?

A

To prevent a prolonged contraction, meaning no blood gets pumped.

18
Q

Why does the pacemaker action potential have an unstable action potential?

A

Due to If, (funny current):
1) Na+ inward current (first)
2) Ca2+ inward current (later

19
Q

what does P-Wave stand for?

A

atria depolarise

20
Q

What is the QRS wave?

A

ventricles depolarize, (atria repolarize)

21
Q

What is the T-wave?

A

ventricles repolarise

22
Q

What is gained from an ECG?

A
  • (Non-invasive)
  • Heart Rate
  • Signal conduction
  • Heart tissue
  • Conditions
23
Q

What are arteries?

A

*Transport blood from heart
* Strong & Elastic
* Conduct blood to capillaries

24
Q

What is the function of capillaries?

A

exchange with cells

25
Q

What is the function of veins?

A
  • Return blood to heart
  • Valves
26
Q

What are the layers in an artery?

A

*Endothelium
*Smooth muscle cell layer
*Adventitia

27
Q

What are the layers in blood vessels (except capillaries)?

A
  • Inner layer: Tunica interna (intima)
  • Middle layer: Tunica media
  • Outer layer: tunica externa
28
Q

What is the innermost layer of vessels (tunica interna) comprised of?

A

1) Endothelial cells.
* Controls contractility –secreting endothelial factors(paracrine) that mediate contraction/dilatation
2) Basement Membrane separates the tunica intima from the tunica media
3) In arteries, a layer of elastic tissue called the internal elastic lamina (allows distension when high pressure blood is ejected from the ventricles)

29
Q

What is the middle layer of vessels (tunica media) comprised of?

A
  • Smooth Muscle Cells- maintains a partial contraction (sets vascular tone).Contraction triggered byCa2+ entry. Paracrine regulation of their contraction/relaxation by the endothelial cells
  • Gap junctions (transmission of action potentials)
  • Elastin (elastic) fibre
30
Q

What is the outermost layer of vessels (tunica externa) comprised of?

A
  • Collagen and Elastin fibres
  • elastic tissue (external elastic lamina).
  • Vasa vasorum (vessels of the vessel):capillaries in large arteries and veins that provide oxygen and nutrients to the cells in the tunica externa
31
Q

Describe the red blood cells

A

Erythrocytes
Concave shaped cells
Anucleated
Contain Haemoglobin
Most abundant cells in body
Account for 40-45% of blood volume
Develop in bone marrow
Last 120 days then broken down and recycled by macrophages

32
Q

Describe haemoglobin

A
  • Protein responsible for transporting oxygen in the blood of vertebrates
  • Comprises four subunits (2alpha and 2 beta)
  • Each subunit contains an iron atom bound to a haem group
  • Each haem can bind an oxygen molecule
33
Q

What is the effect of oxygen on haemoglobin?

A

*When oxygenated it becomes a more relaxed structure and has a higher affinity for oxygen
*When deoxygenated it becomes tense and has a lower affinity for oxygen

34
Q

How is carbon dioxide transported in the blood?

A

Bicarbonate major. ~85%
In solution ~ 5%
Bound to Hb ~10%

35
Q

What increases the rate of production of red blood cells in response to falling levels of oxygen in the tissues?

A

Glycoprotein hormone secreted by the kidneys

36
Q

What causes jaundice?

A

Increased bilirubin

37
Q

What are the different types of anaemia?

A

*Iron deficiency anaemia – diet/haemorrhage
*Thalassemia – genetic disorder; alpha or beta forms(Alpha or beta globulin absent/faulty)
*Aplastic anaemia
*Sickle cell anaemia
*Vitamin deficiency anaemia – pernicious anaemia

38
Q

What is the causes of aplastic anaemia (body does not produce blood cells)?

A
  • Autoimmune disorders
  • Toxic substances
  • Chemotherapy
  • Viral infection
  • Certain medications including some antibiotics
  • Cancer that affects has spread to the bone marrow
  • Inherited conditions
39
Q

What causes sickle cell disease?

A

A group of inherited conditions of sickle haemoglobin. Abnormal beta-globin chain which causes it to polymerize when deoxygenated distorting the erythrocyte into a sickle shape.

40
Q

What are some types of white blood cells?

A

Granulocyte: WBCs with granules in their cytoplasm
neutrophil, eosinophil, and basophil.

Agranulocytes: WBCs with no distinct granules in their cytoplasm.
monocyte (macrophages) and lymphocyte.

41
Q

How are blood clots formed?

A

*Injury to vessel lining triggers the release of clotting factors.
*Vasodilation limits the blood flow and platelets form a sticky plug.
*Fibrin strands adhere to the plug to form an insoluble clot

42
Q

What are platelets activated by?

A
  • ADP
  • Thromboxane A2
  • Thrombin
  • Serotonin

Cardiovascular System (5 decks)

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