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cardiovascular system Vet Nursing > cardiovascular system > Flashcards

cardiovascular system Flashcards

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1
Q

what is another name of the circulatory system?

A

The blood vascular or cardiovascular system

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2
Q

what two other systems are part of the circulatory system?

A

Immune and lymphatic system

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3
Q

what is meant by pulmonary circulation?

A

The system that takes deoxygenated blood from the heart through the lungs, where it’s oxygenated, and then return it to the heart

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4
Q

What is meant by systemic circulation?

A

The system that takes oxygenated blood from the heart to the rest of the body, enabling the oxygen to be used by the tissues, it returns the deoxygenated blood back to the heart

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5
Q

What carry blood away from the heart?

A

Arteries

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6
Q

what small, thin-walled blood vessels lie within the tissues and allow oxygen exchange

A

Capillaries

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7
Q

what is the difference between an artery and an arteriole ?

A

arteries are larger than arterioles and carry blood away from the heart. Arterioles are located within the organs to which they supply blood.

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8
Q

What is the difference between a vein and a venule

A

veins are large, thinwall, blood vessels that carry blood towards the heart, whereas a venule is a small vein within an organ, receiving blood from the capillary bed

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9
Q

what structure is present in veins but not arteries

A

valves - prevent back flow

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10
Q

what is a capillary bed

A

a interwoven network of capillaries that supplies an organ

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11
Q

what is an end artery

A

an artery that is the only supply of oxygenated blood to a portion of tissue

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12
Q

list the 3 arteries that possess end arrows rather than a capillary bed

A

brain, heart, kidneys

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13
Q

Give one advantage and one disadvantage of an arteries over a capillary bed

A

an advantage is it protects against certain drops and blood pressure, a disadvantage would be an obstruction of a vessel would cause death of the tissue supplied by that vessel

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14
Q

List eight functions of the blood

A

transport of oxygen to the tissues, transport of carbon dioxide away from the tissues, transport of waste from the tissues to the kidneys, for excretion, regulation of body temperature via the distribution of heart throughout the body, control of haemorrhage via the clotting mechanism, transport of chemical messengers (hormones) and catalysts(enzymes), prevention of infection via the transport of antibodies and antitoxins, maintenance of the correct pH of the body tissues

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15
Q

what is the pH of blood

A

7.35

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16
Q

What percentage of body weight is comprised of blood?

A

7%

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17
Q

State two ways in which arterial blood differs from venous blood

A

Arterial blood is a brighter red colour than venous blood due to the greater present of oxygen present, and the pH of arterial blood is higher than venous blood due to the fact venous blood contains more carbon dioxide and is thus more acidic.

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18
Q

what is the name of the straw coloured fluid in which the blood cells are suspended?

A

plasma

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19
Q

List the six components of plasma

A

Water, mineral salts – sodium, chloride, potassium, calcium, phosphate, and carbonate, plasma proteins – Albin, globin, fibrinogen, and prothrombin, food, stuffs, and products of digestion, i.e. amino acids, fatty acids, and glucose, gases, waste products, – urea, and creatinine

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20
Q

List the three main types of blood cell

A

erythrocytes- red blood cells
Leucocytes - white blood cells
Platelets - fragments of white blood cells

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21
Q

what is the main function of erythrocytes

A

The transport of oxygen via an iron containing protein called haemoglobin

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22
Q

what are three immature forms of red blood cell

A

eyrthoblast, normoblast, reticulocyte

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23
Q

List four properties of adult red blood cells

A

Do not have a nucleus, are seven micro meters in diameter, biconcave in shape, live for 120 days

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24
Q

what is the name of the substance secreted by the kidney in response to low oxygen levels within the kidney and what does it do

A

eythropoietin factor erythrogenin. This converts an inactive plasma protein to erythropoietin, which stimulates the bone marrow to produce more erythrocytes.

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25
Q

In a fetus, where are eythrocytes produced?

A

Liver and spleen

26
Q

In an adult, where are erythrocytes produced

A

Bone marrow

27
Q

where in the body are erythrocytes broken down

A

Spleen and lymph nodes

28
Q

What is another name for granulocytes?

A

polymorphonuclear leucocytes

29
Q

what are the two main groups of white blood cells?

A

Granulocytes – neutrophil, Basophils and eosinophils
Agranulocytes - lymphocytes and monocytes

30
Q

what is the name of the tissue from which all the granulocytes and monocytes are produced?

A

myeloid tissue

31
Q

explain the function of the following types of cells - neutrophils, basophils, eosinophils

A

neutrophils carry out phagocytosis
Basophil produce heparin and histamine
eosinophils fight, parasitic infestation

32
Q

describe the function of the following cell types, lymphocytes and monocytes

A

Lymphocytes are concerned with immunity
Monocytes are involved with phagocytosis

33
Q

What is another name for the platelets?

A

Thrombocytes

34
Q

describe the foreign main stages involved in the formation of a blood clot

A

The platelets stick to the damaged walls of the blood vessel, broken platelets release thromboplastin, the plasma protein prothrombin reacts with thromboplastin and calcium to form thrombin, thrombin acts on another plasma protein, called fibrinogen to produce insoluble fibrin fibres , the fibre fibre stick to the platelets, forming a firm clot

35
Q

what is the difference between serum and plasma

A

serum is simply plasma from which the clotting agents have been removed

36
Q

what is an anticoagulant

A

A substance that prevents from clotting. heparin is naturally present in the blood, but can also be found in the heparinised blood tubes used for the preservation of samples for biochemistry

37
Q

How many chambers does the heart possess?

A

Four – the right and left atrium on the right and left ventricles

38
Q

define pericardium

A

The double layer of membrane covering the heart

39
Q

define myocardium

A

The heart muscle

40
Q

The valves of the heart prevent the backflow of blood and consist of fibrous flaps. Can you name the valves of the heart and state the amount of cusps possessed by each

A

Tricuspid valve (right atrioventricular) and is located between the right atrium and the right ventricle

Mitral valve (left atrioventricular) to cps, and his located between the left atrium and the left ventricle

Aortic valve, three cusps, and is located between the left ventricle and the aorta

pulmonary valve is located between the right ventricle and the pulmonary artery

41
Q

what structures are responsible for the restriction of movement of the atrial ventricular valves

A

chordae tendinae

42
Q

what structures contribute to the conduction mechanism of the heart?

A

Sinoatrial node- an area of specialised heart muscle from where the impulse of a wave of muscle contraction starts and spreads across the atria

Atrioventricular node - is activated by the impulse from the SA node and passes, the impulse stay in the bundle of his

Bundle of his - this transports the impulse to the apex of the heart

Fibrous plate - this separates the muscle of the atria and verticals, so that there is only one electrical connection between them

purkinje fibres - these transmit, the impulse via a network of fibre spread out over the ventricle

43
Q

What is systole

A

The contraction within the cardiac cycle

44
Q

what is diastole?

A

The relaxation within the cardiac cycle

45
Q

What is meant by the pulse?

A

The pulse is a local rhythmic expansion of an artery which corresponds to each contraction of the left ventricle

46
Q

what is the lub dub sound?

A

The lub sound is made by the contraction of the ventricles enclosure of the atrioventricular valves

The dub sound is made by the closure of the aortic and pulmonary valves

47
Q

what is the normal heart rate for the cat and dog?

A

cat- 110-180
dog 60-180

48
Q

what is tachycardia

A

a higher than normal heart rate

49
Q

what is bradycardia

A

a lower than normal heart rate

50
Q

The unpaired vein, receiving blood from the dorsal thoracic wall, is the what

A

azygous vein

51
Q

Which organs stimulates red blood cell production when oxygen levels are too low

A

kidney

52
Q

what structure doesn’t pass through the diaphragm?

A

anterior vena cava

53
Q

what artery supplies blood to the stomach and liver

A

coeliac

54
Q

what is the area of pleurs in the center of the thoracic cavity called

A

mediastinum

55
Q

what are the main arteries supplying the head and neck

A

carotid arteries

56
Q

what vessel leaves the left ventricle with oxygenated blood

A

aorta

57
Q

blood is carried from the lungs to the heart via what

A

pulmonary vein

58
Q

what is the inner lining of an artery composed of

A

endothelium

59
Q

what do plasma proteins do

A

they maintain osmotic pressure by being too large to pass out the circulatory system. they help to prevent too much water leaking out into extracellular spaces and they retain the fluid in the body

60
Q

what does albumin do (pp)

A

maintains osmotic concentration of the blood, binds with plasma

cardiovascular system Vet Nursing (1 decks)

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