cardiovascular system Flashcards
what is another name of the circulatory system?
The blood vascular or cardiovascular system
what two other systems are part of the circulatory system?
Immune and lymphatic system
what is meant by pulmonary circulation?
The system that takes deoxygenated blood from the heart through the lungs, where it’s oxygenated, and then return it to the heart
What is meant by systemic circulation?
The system that takes oxygenated blood from the heart to the rest of the body, enabling the oxygen to be used by the tissues, it returns the deoxygenated blood back to the heart
What carry blood away from the heart?
Arteries
what small, thin-walled blood vessels lie within the tissues and allow oxygen exchange
Capillaries
what is the difference between an artery and an arteriole ?
arteries are larger than arterioles and carry blood away from the heart. Arterioles are located within the organs to which they supply blood.
What is the difference between a vein and a venule
veins are large, thinwall, blood vessels that carry blood towards the heart, whereas a venule is a small vein within an organ, receiving blood from the capillary bed
what structure is present in veins but not arteries
valves - prevent back flow
what is a capillary bed
a interwoven network of capillaries that supplies an organ
what is an end artery
an artery that is the only supply of oxygenated blood to a portion of tissue
list the 3 arteries that possess end arrows rather than a capillary bed
brain, heart, kidneys
Give one advantage and one disadvantage of an arteries over a capillary bed
an advantage is it protects against certain drops and blood pressure, a disadvantage would be an obstruction of a vessel would cause death of the tissue supplied by that vessel
List eight functions of the blood
transport of oxygen to the tissues, transport of carbon dioxide away from the tissues, transport of waste from the tissues to the kidneys, for excretion, regulation of body temperature via the distribution of heart throughout the body, control of haemorrhage via the clotting mechanism, transport of chemical messengers (hormones) and catalysts(enzymes), prevention of infection via the transport of antibodies and antitoxins, maintenance of the correct pH of the body tissues
what is the pH of blood
7.35
What percentage of body weight is comprised of blood?
7%
State two ways in which arterial blood differs from venous blood
Arterial blood is a brighter red colour than venous blood due to the greater present of oxygen present, and the pH of arterial blood is higher than venous blood due to the fact venous blood contains more carbon dioxide and is thus more acidic.
what is the name of the straw coloured fluid in which the blood cells are suspended?
plasma
List the six components of plasma
Water, mineral salts – sodium, chloride, potassium, calcium, phosphate, and carbonate, plasma proteins – Albin, globin, fibrinogen, and prothrombin, food, stuffs, and products of digestion, i.e. amino acids, fatty acids, and glucose, gases, waste products, – urea, and creatinine
List the three main types of blood cell
erythrocytes- red blood cells
Leucocytes - white blood cells
Platelets - fragments of white blood cells
what is the main function of erythrocytes
The transport of oxygen via an iron containing protein called haemoglobin
what are three immature forms of red blood cell
eyrthoblast, normoblast, reticulocyte
List four properties of adult red blood cells
Do not have a nucleus, are seven micro meters in diameter, biconcave in shape, live for 120 days
what is the name of the substance secreted by the kidney in response to low oxygen levels within the kidney and what does it do
eythropoietin factor erythrogenin. This converts an inactive plasma protein to erythropoietin, which stimulates the bone marrow to produce more erythrocytes.
In a fetus, where are eythrocytes produced?
Liver and spleen
In an adult, where are erythrocytes produced
Bone marrow
where in the body are erythrocytes broken down
Spleen and lymph nodes
What is another name for granulocytes?
polymorphonuclear leucocytes
what are the two main groups of white blood cells?
Granulocytes – neutrophil, Basophils and eosinophils
Agranulocytes - lymphocytes and monocytes
what is the name of the tissue from which all the granulocytes and monocytes are produced?
myeloid tissue
explain the function of the following types of cells - neutrophils, basophils, eosinophils
neutrophils carry out phagocytosis
Basophil produce heparin and histamine
eosinophils fight, parasitic infestation
describe the function of the following cell types, lymphocytes and monocytes
Lymphocytes are concerned with immunity
Monocytes are involved with phagocytosis
What is another name for the platelets?
Thrombocytes
describe the foreign main stages involved in the formation of a blood clot
The platelets stick to the damaged walls of the blood vessel, broken platelets release thromboplastin, the plasma protein prothrombin reacts with thromboplastin and calcium to form thrombin, thrombin acts on another plasma protein, called fibrinogen to produce insoluble fibrin fibres , the fibre fibre stick to the platelets, forming a firm clot
what is the difference between serum and plasma
serum is simply plasma from which the clotting agents have been removed
what is an anticoagulant
A substance that prevents from clotting. heparin is naturally present in the blood, but can also be found in the heparinised blood tubes used for the preservation of samples for biochemistry
How many chambers does the heart possess?
Four – the right and left atrium on the right and left ventricles
define pericardium
The double layer of membrane covering the heart
define myocardium
The heart muscle
The valves of the heart prevent the backflow of blood and consist of fibrous flaps. Can you name the valves of the heart and state the amount of cusps possessed by each
Tricuspid valve (right atrioventricular) and is located between the right atrium and the right ventricle
Mitral valve (left atrioventricular) to cps, and his located between the left atrium and the left ventricle
Aortic valve, three cusps, and is located between the left ventricle and the aorta
pulmonary valve is located between the right ventricle and the pulmonary artery
what structures are responsible for the restriction of movement of the atrial ventricular valves
chordae tendinae
what structures contribute to the conduction mechanism of the heart?
Sinoatrial node- an area of specialised heart muscle from where the impulse of a wave of muscle contraction starts and spreads across the atria
Atrioventricular node - is activated by the impulse from the SA node and passes, the impulse stay in the bundle of his
Bundle of his - this transports the impulse to the apex of the heart
Fibrous plate - this separates the muscle of the atria and verticals, so that there is only one electrical connection between them
purkinje fibres - these transmit, the impulse via a network of fibre spread out over the ventricle
What is systole
The contraction within the cardiac cycle
what is diastole?
The relaxation within the cardiac cycle
What is meant by the pulse?
The pulse is a local rhythmic expansion of an artery which corresponds to each contraction of the left ventricle
what is the lub dub sound?
The lub sound is made by the contraction of the ventricles enclosure of the atrioventricular valves
The dub sound is made by the closure of the aortic and pulmonary valves
what is the normal heart rate for the cat and dog?
cat- 110-180
dog 60-180
what is tachycardia
a higher than normal heart rate
what is bradycardia
a lower than normal heart rate
The unpaired vein, receiving blood from the dorsal thoracic wall, is the what
azygous vein
Which organs stimulates red blood cell production when oxygen levels are too low
kidney
what structure doesn’t pass through the diaphragm?
anterior vena cava
what artery supplies blood to the stomach and liver
coeliac
what is the area of pleurs in the center of the thoracic cavity called
mediastinum
what are the main arteries supplying the head and neck
carotid arteries
what vessel leaves the left ventricle with oxygenated blood
aorta
blood is carried from the lungs to the heart via what
pulmonary vein
what is the inner lining of an artery composed of
endothelium
what do plasma proteins do
they maintain osmotic pressure by being too large to pass out the circulatory system. they help to prevent too much water leaking out into extracellular spaces and they retain the fluid in the body
what does albumin do (pp)
maintains osmotic concentration of the blood, binds with plasma
