Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Pathology II > Cardiovascular System > Flashcards

Cardiovascular System Flashcards

To make Kody stop whining about people taking too long to make their cards.

1
Q

Definition: Arteriosclerosis

A

Hardening of Arteries

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Atherosclerosis

A
  1. response of the intima of larger arteries to a variety of insults
  2. Macrophages and myointimal cells accumulate Cholesterol-rich lipid
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Atherosclerosis: Incidence

A

America: peak in 1968, reduced with dec. risk factors
Women: Protected til menopause
Finland/Scotland: highest rates of atherosclerosis
(New meaning to the Mortal Kombat phrase, “Finnish Him”)
French: Red wine inhibits oxidation of LDL
Eskimos: eating blubber provides omega-3 oils
“no cholesterol” items can still raise LDL

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Atherosclerosis: Morphology

Compontents of atheroma

A
  1. Cells - sm. m., macrophages and other leukocytes
  2. ECM - collagen, elastin, proteoglycans
  3. Intra and extra cellular lipid - cholesterol and cholesterol esters
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Atherosclerosis: Morphology

Parts

A
  1. Fibrous Cap

2. Necrotic Center

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Atherosclerosis: Distribution

A

primarily affects the elastic arteries

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Atherosclerosis: Stages of Progression

A
  1. Fatty Streaks
  2. Fibrous Plaques
  3. Complicated Lesions
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Atherosclerosis: Fatty Streaks

A

masses of lipid-rich roam cells in the intima; precursrs to advanced lesions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Atherosclerosis: Fibrous Plaque

A

(progressive) plaque undergoes enlargement by accumulation of macrophages, sm. m. cells, ECM and fibers

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Atherosclerosis: Complicated Lesion

A

(atheroma)
1. enlargement
2. plaque rupture
3. ulceration
4. hemorrhage
5. degenerative changes
6. calcification
7. formation of superimposed thrombi

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Atherosclerosis: Major risk factors

A
  1. Hyperlipidemia
  2. Cigarette Smoking
  3. Hypertension
  4. Diabetes Mellitus
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Atherosclerosis: Hyperlipidemia

A
  1. elevated serum cholesterol (LDL)

2. coronary disease risk rises when total cholesterol above 160 mg/dl

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Atherosclerosis: Cigarette Smoking

A
  1. tobacco smoke oxidizes LDL
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Atherosclerosis: Hypertension

A
  1. damages intima and Atherosclerosis tends to develop in locations where hemodynamic forces are the greatest.
  2. > 165/90 = 5x greater risk of ischemic heart disease
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Atherosclerosis: DM

A
  1. metabolic interactions contribute to accelerated arteriosclerosis and increased MI, stroke, and PAD, right?
  2. hyperglycemia gives rise to abnormal proteins that alter endothelial cell function and promote proliferation of fibrous elements in the wall of blood vessels
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Atherosclerosis: Other risk factors

A
  1. Lack of exercise
  2. Increased Age (35-55)
  3. Gender (Male)
  4. Congenital factors
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Atherosclerosis: Pathogenesis

A
  1. Reaction to injury and repair hypothesis

2. Myoclonal Hypothesis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Atherosclerosis: Rxn to injury and repair hypothesis

A

Atherosclerosis is chronic inflammatory response to events initiated early in life => plaque fm and progression to:

  1. endothelial injury/dysfunction
  2. monocyte adhesion and infiltration
  3. lipid accumulation and oxidation
  4. sm. m. proliferation
  5. ECM and thrombosis deposition
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Atherosclerosis: Rxn to injury and repair: Sources

A
  1. Action of chemicals
  2. Lipids
  3. Immune rxns
  4. hypoxia
  5. infectious agents
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Atherosclerosis: Rxn to injury and repair: lipoprotein action

A
  1. infiltrate vessel wall at sites of injury

2. undergo oxidation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Atherosclerosis: Rxn to injury and repair: Monocyte action

A
  1. attach to injured epithelium

2. migrate into intima and transform into macrophages

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Atherosclerosis: Rxn to injury and repair: Platelet action

A
  1. adhesion at sites of injury
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Atherosclerosis: Rxn to injury and repair: growth factors and cytokines released from

A
  1. Macrophages
  2. Plateles
  3. endothelium
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Atherosclerosis: Rxn to injury and repair: growth factors and cytokines cause

A

proliferation of smooth muscle cells in intima; produce components of ECM (collagen and proteoglycans)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Atherosclerosis: Monoclonal Hypothesis:
considers proliferation of sm. m to be the primary event
26
Atherosclerosis: Monoclonal Hypothesis: steps
1. Sm. m. recruited from media, accumulate in intima, collect lipid 2. monoclonal in origin 3. mutagens/mitogens stimulate proliferation of sm. m.
27
Atherosclerosis: Monoclonal Hypothesis: Mutagens/Mitogens
1. Microorganisms 2. Oxidation products of lipids 3. Products assimilated from cigarette smoke
28
Atherosclerosis: Manifestations
1. Occlusion | 2. Degeneration
29
Atherosclerosis: Manifestations: Occlusion
1. Stable Plaques | 2. Unstable Plaques
30
Atherosclerosis: Manifestations: Stable Plaques
Contribute to: 1. Stable angina 2. chronic ischemic atrophy of the myocardium 3. atherosclerotic dementia 4. leg claudication 5. intestional angina
31
Atherosclerosis: Manifestations: Unstable Plaques
Enlarged lipid core, thinner fibrous cap and accumulated inflammatory cells 1. give rise to plaque rupture: thrombosis/sudden occlusion 2. inhibiting inflammation/oxidation/dysfunction can control rupture
32
Mockenberg's Sclerosis
degeneration and dystrophic calcification of the media of "muscular arteries", typically in older adults
33
Arteriolosclerosis: Definition
thickening of small arteries and arterioles
34
Arteriolosclerosis: types
1. Hyaline arteriolar sclerosis | 2. Hyperplastic arteriolar sclerosis
35
Arteriolosclerosis: Hyaline
1. components of the vascular BM and serum proterins accumulate in the vessel wall and may eventually narrow the lumen 2. most common type of arteriolosclerosis
36
Arteriolosclerosis: Hyperplastic
1. concentric proliferation of intimal tissue (onion) | 2. restrict blood flow
37
Arteriolosclerosis: Hyperplastic: Causes
1. Malignant hypertension 2. Severe pulmonary hypertension 3. Scleroderma
38
Arteritis: Definition
arterial disease of inflammatory origin
39
Arteritis: Causes
1. Vascular injury to infectious agents 2. Immunological rxns 3. other
40
Arteritis: Vascular injury to infectious agents
1. Pyogenic abscesses 2. TB 3. Bacterial Pneumonia 4. Meningitis 5. May give rise to bacteremias and septic emboli
41
Arteritis: Immunological rxns
1. Immune complex injury - serum sickness, SLE, RA | 2. Antibodies directed agains components of vessel wall - Goodpasture, ANA
42
Arteritis: other mechanism
1. radiation | 2. idiopathic
43
Arteritis: Giant Cell (Temporal)
inflammatory injury to arteries (head region) 1. common in older adults (>60) 2. may include "jaw claudication", blindness, headaches
44
Arteritis: Thromboangiitis obliterans
(Buerger's Disease) mmmmm.... burgers.... 1. young male smokers 2. NV bundels of the digits become inflames and undergo thrombosis 3. the typical patient, after losing all his fingers, may still hold his cigarettes between his last two toes... gonna lose them too
45
Arteritis: Polyarteritis Nodosa
1. segmental necrotizing vasculitis of small and medium arteries 2. possible causes include hep B, rheumatic fever, anti-myeloperoxidase disease 3. infarcts possible everywhere except the lung
46
Polyarteritis Nodosa infarcts are possible everywhere except:
THE LUNG SON!
47
Arteritis: Takayasu's Arteritis
(pulseless disease, aortic arch disease) 1. idiopathic of younger adults; aortic arch and major branches thicken and become stenotic 2. blood flow reduced to upper part of the body 3. Histologic features nonspecific with granulomas, lyphocytes, plasme cells, and scarring
48
Common vascular lesions: there's 8 of them, you've got 10 seconds to name them... GO
1. Giant cell arteritis 2. Polyarteritis nodosa 3. Buerger's Disease 4. Atherosclerotic Aneurysm 5. Syphalitic Aneurysm 6. Dissecting Aneurysm 7. Berry Aneurysm 8. Varicositis
49
Condition:Location:Cause:Effects | Giant Cell Arteritis
C: Temporal Arteritis L: small/med arteries, head (Superficial Temporal artery) C: unknown; elderly E: inflammatory tenderness; restriction of blood flow; blindness & headaches
50
Condition:Location:Cause:Effects | Polyarteritis Nodosa
L: small/med arteries, systemic (Renal artery) C: hypertension and hepatitis B antigen E: Nodular lesions/necrosis, scarring/thrombosis; restriction of blood flow, localized symptoms
51
Condition:Location:Cause:Effects | Buerger's Disease
C: Thromboangiitis obliterans L: Small/med arteries, extremities C: Tobacco and genetic factors E: Arterial occlusion, gangrene of digits; nerve involvement leads to pain
52
Condition:Location:Cause:Effects | Atherosclerotic aneurysm
L: aorta/common iliacs, abdomen C: Males 5x, >50 years, atherosclerosis & HTN E: Abdominal/back pain, thrombotic emboli
53
Condition:Location:Cause:Effects | Syphilitic Aneurysm
L: Ascending Aorta and Arch C: Tertiary Syphalis E: Compression of adj mediastinal str's; aortic valvular insufficiency
54
Condition:Location:Cause:Effects | Dissecting Aneurysm
L: Most common in ascending aorta/arch, some distal to subclavian artery C: HTN (M: 40-60), structural abnormalities of aorta E: Tearing pain, devastating rupture
55
Condition:Location:Cause:Effects | Berry Aneurysm
L: Base of Brain (circle of willis/cerebral arteries) C: Congenitcal weakness of aa. at points of division E: Risk of subarachnoid hemorrhage; causes severe headache; 25-50% fatality
56
Condition:Location:Cause:Effects | Varicosities
L: superficial veins of legs; hemorrhoidal veins; esophagus, pampiniform plexus C: increased venous pressure, valve defects, weakened veins, poor external support e: Venous pooling in legs/cyanosis/dull ache; cutaneous ulcers & infections, bleeding in esophageal varicosities
57
Good Job! You just earned a Panda Snack!
Time's Up! ITS GO TIME!
58
Raynaud's Phenomenon
Reversible spasmodic contraction and occlusion of arteries supplying the fingers, toes, and sometimes the nose and ears. Structures may turn white, then blue, then red. May be due to vasculitis syndromes or PAD, right?
59
Aneurysms: Definition
Local dilation of arteries | Shapes are saccular or fusiform
60
Aneurysms: Shapes
Saccular | Fusiform
61
Aneurysms: Causes
1. HTN | 2. any condition that damages the media of an artery
62
Aneurysms: Complications
Risk for rupture, mural thrombosis and emboli
63
Aneurysms: Classification
1. Arteriosclerotic 2. Syphalitic 3. Dissecting 4. Berry
64
Aneurysms: Arteriosclerotic
1. AA, below the renal aa. | 2. diameter > 5-6 cm
65
Aneurysms: Syphalitic
1. proximal aorta 2. treebark grooves on the intima 3. occlusion of the coronary or other ostia 4. dilation of the aortic valve ring 5. tension on left recurrent laryngeal nerve
66
Aneurysms: Dissecting
1. blood enters wall of the aorta trough an intimal defect and separates layers of the aortic wall 2. causes "cystic medial necrosis"; elastic tissue is diminished 3. Experience tearing/agonizing chest pain as false lumen expands, neck can cause stroke
67
Aneurysms: Berry
1. congenital 2. base brain: circle of (what you talkin' 'bout) willis 3. >40 years, HTN, CT diseases, 50% mortality
68
Diseases of Arteries
1. Arteriosclerosis 2. Arteritis 3. Aneurysms
69
Diseases of Veins
1. Varicose Veins | 2. Thrombosis
70
Varicose Veins: Morphology
1. dilation 2. increased tortuosity 3. loss of valve competency 4. venous pooling, ischemia, and stasis dermatitis
71
Varicose Veins: Pathogenesis
1. most vulnerable to distention at locations where they receive little external support 2. Decreased integrity of the valves increase retrograde pressures in veins of the leg and pelvis
72
Varicose Veins: Locations
1. Superficial veins of the lower extremities 2. hemorrhoidal veins 3. esophageal veins 4. Pampiniform plexus
73
Varicose Veins: Risk Factors
1. Structural Changes | 2. Increased venous pressure
74
Varicose Veins: Structural Changes
1. Valve defects 2. Intrinsic weakness of the wall 3. Inflammatory injury to veins 4. Obesity 5. Age related loss of elastic fibers
75
Varicose Veins: Increased venous pressure
1. Venous Obstruction 2. Physical inactivity 3. Prolonged Standing or Sitting 4. Loss of valve integrity
76
Varicose Veins: Venous Obstruction
1. Pregnancy 2. Chronic Constipation 3. Tumors 4. Thrombosis 5. Tight Garments 6. Poor posture
77
Varicose Veins: Venous Pump
keeps venous pressure in legs (25mmHg) | causes pressures to rapidly approach 90mmHg or more
78
Varicose Veins: Valve integrity
loss of intergity of valves in communicating veins, i.e. superficial and deep veins
79
Varicose Veins: Clinical manifestations
1. Thrombi and emboli 2. prolonged venous pooling and congestion give rise to micro-hemorrhages and hemosiderin pigmentation 3. prolonged venous pooling and tissue hypoxia may give rise to ischemic stasis ulcers
80
Thrombosis
1. Phlebothrombosis | 2. Trousseau's migratory thrombophlebitis
81
Phlebothrombosis
1. fm of bland thrombi where thrombophlebitis indicates inflammation 2. Action of fibrinopeptides, "foreign body rxns"
82
Phlebothrombosis: Locations
1. DVT of leg and pelvis | 2. Hepatic veins and dural venous sinuses
83
Trousseau's
1. Miltiple thrombi affect first one vein, then another | 2. advanced cancer, pancreatic, adenocarcinomas
84
Thrombosis: Contributing risk factors
1. Heart Failure 2. Venous Obstruction 3. Neoplasms 4. Pregnancy 5. Trauma or surgery; confinement to bed 6. Estrogens 7. G(-) sepsis
85
Thrombosis: clinical manifestations
1. Pain and firmness at site 2. circulatory obstruction; swelling/pain/cyan/discoloration 3. walking or standing pain 4. Positive Homan's Sign 5. SVC syndrome; dusky upper body regions; headaches 6. IVC syndrome; dusky lower body regions; cancerous masses in para-aortic lymph nodes
86
Why are these cards so hard to get through?
B/c mike made them and he's essentially a second Bhalero so you'll never know what he's thinking

Pathology II (3 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions