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Biology (S2) > Cardiovascular System > Flashcards

Cardiovascular System Flashcards

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1
Q

How many litres of blood does the body circulate?

A

5L

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2
Q

What are the 2 major types of blood vessels?

A

Veins - transport blood to the heart
Arteries - transport blood away from the heart

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3
Q

Which blood vessel type bificate?

A

Arteries bificate into smaller arteries and then eventually into arterioles.

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4
Q

What do arterioles drain into?

A

Capillaries

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5
Q

What do capillaries drain into?

A

Venules

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6
Q

What do venules drain into?

A

Veins and back to the heart

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7
Q

What does the blood transport(5)?

A

Oxygen
Nutrients
Hormones
Carbon dioxide
Cellular waste products

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8
Q

What are the 2 components of the circulatory system?

A
  • blood circulatory system
  • lymphatic system
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9
Q

What percent of fluid that passes through the capillaries into the tissues, is returned?

A

90%

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10
Q

What happens to the 10% of the tissue fluid that remains in the tissues?

A

Drains back into lymphatic capillaries > into lymphatic vessels > into vena cava

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11
Q

What do lymphatic vessels look like?

A

Veins

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12
Q

How does the heart pump blood around the body?

A

By the contraction of cardiac muscle

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13
Q

What drives/fuels the contraction of the cardiac muscle?

A

ATP produced by aerobic respiration

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14
Q

What is the major source of energy for the heart?

A

Lactate / lactic acid

From anaerobic respiration

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15
Q

Where is the heart located?

A

Behind sternum

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16
Q

How big is the heart?

A

12-14 cm (size of clenched fist)
Extends from 2nd to 5th rib

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17
Q

How much does the heart weigh?

A

250 - 350 g

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18
Q

What does the systemic circulatory system include?

A

Arteries and arterioles in the head and neck.

These drain into the superior vena cava

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19
Q

Blood from the lower region of the body returns to the heart via the….

A

Inferior vena cava

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20
Q

Where does returned blood in the vena cava go?

A

The right atrium

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21
Q

The systemic system provides oxygenated blood to all tissues in the body except……

A

Lungs

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22
Q

What does the pulmonary system do?

A

Supplies the lungs with deoxygenated blood from the right ventricle via the pulmonary artery

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23
Q

Which is the only artery that transports deoxygenated blood?

A

Pulmonary artery / pulmonary trunk

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24
Q

What is the name of the only vein that transports oxygenated blood?

A

Pulmonary vein - takes oxygenated blood from the lungs to the heart

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25
Q

Why is the left ventricular wall really thick?

A

It’s a high pressure environment and blood needs to be pumped to the entire systemic circulatory system

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26
Q

What causes high pressure in the systemic circulatory system?

A

Thick arterial walls and thin lumen combined with lots of capillaries (these increase resistance to flow)

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27
Q

Where is the tricuspid value found?

A

On right hand side of heart

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28
Q

Where are the bicuspid valves found?

A

On the left hand side of the heart

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29
Q

What is the function of the bicuspid and tricuspid valves?

A

Prevent backflow of blood from ventricles into atria

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30
Q

Where are the semi lunar valves found? What do they do?

A

Pulmonary artery and aorta

Stop blood flowing back into heart

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31
Q

How many pulmonary veins are there? What do they do?

A

4
Carry oxygenated blood back into the left atrium of the heart

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32
Q

What does the aorta do?

A

Carries oxygenated blood through the systemic system to the tissues

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33
Q

How many layers does the heart wall have?

A

3

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34
Q

What is the name of the innermost layer of the heart?

A

Endocardium - formed by squamous endothelial cells

Squamous = thin flat

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35
Q

What is the middle layer of the heart called?

A

Myocardium - contains cardomyocytes (cardiac muscle)
Thickest layer

Myo = muscle

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36
Q

What is the name of the outermost layer of the heart?

A

Epicardium (aka visceral pericardium) - thin layer of connective tissue. Contains coronary arteries

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37
Q

What surrounds the 3 layers of the heart?

A

Pericardial sac - filled with fluid that lubricates the membrane which helps the heart move

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38
Q

What can an infection of the pericardial lead to?

A

Swelling / inflammation which makes contraction of heart harder

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39
Q

What are the 3 circuits of the cardiovascular system?

A

1) pulmonary circuit (lungs)
2) systemic circuit (rest of body)
3) Coronary circuit (heart)

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40
Q

What is the coronary circulation associated with?

A

The coronary arteries - supply blood to the heart muscle

41
Q

What are the 2 main coronary arteries?

A

The right and left - form a ring like a crown

42
Q

What do the braches of the right and left coronary arteries do?

A

They sit within fat deposits in the sulci of the heart

The fat acts as an energy source

43
Q

What are sulci?

A

Groves between chambers of the heart

44
Q

What is systole?

A

Contraction if the heart

45
Q

What is diastole?

A

Resting of the heart

46
Q

Describe the process of blood traveling in coronary system

A

Heart contracts > blood vessels are squeezed > blood is forced from coronary arteries out down towards the tissues > blood drains into venous system > back into coronary sinus > contraction of heart leads sinus back into right atrium > heart relaxes and blood is pulled back into the coronary arteries due to pressure

47
Q

What is dorsal?

A

Top

48
Q

What is ventral?

A

Front

49
Q

What is the histology of heart muscle?

A

Made up by cells single branched striated muscle cells called the cardiomyocytes

50
Q

What are the characteristics of heart muscle cells?

A
  • Highly branched
  • Rich in mitochondria (lots of APT generation)
    -contain a nucleus
  • connected together at intercalated discs containing gap junctions
51
Q

What are gap junctions in heart muscles cells formed from?

A

conexin - membrane spanning proteins

52
Q

What is the function of gap junctions in heart muscle cells?

A

Their connexin rod like structures, pass through adjacent membranes forming a channel large enough to allow for rapid transmission of electrical impulses between cells.
-This enabling synchronized contraction of the heart

53
Q

What are the 4 pacemakers of the heart?

A
  1. Sinoatrial node
  2. AV node
  3. Bundle of His
  4. Purkinje fibres
54
Q

What does the sinoatrial node contain?

A

Pacemaker cells - 100 potentials per minute innate firing rate

55
Q

Where is the AV node located?

A

Just anterior to the opening of the coronary sinus

56
Q

What does the AV node do?

A

Provides the only point of electrical contact between the atria and the ventricles - with an innate firing rate of 40-60 potentials/min

57
Q

Where does the bundle of His extend to?

A

From AV node down into the ventricular septum where it divides into two bundles, the left and right. These then extend down to the apex of the heart.

58
Q

What are the Purkinje fibres?

A

Large diameter extensions of the bundle of His
Extend from the apex of the heart up into the ventricular walls

59
Q

What is the innate firing rate of the Bundle of His and Purkinje fibres?

A

20-35 potentials/min

60
Q

Does a pacemaker cell have a steady resting membrane potential?

A

NO!

61
Q

What is a pacemaker potential?

A

Slow depolarizations that precede each action potential in pacemaker cells

62
Q

What happens after an action potential?

A

The membrane immediately begins to depolarise until threshold is reached and another AP is triggered

63
Q

What brings about pacemaker potentials in pacemaker cells?

A

Changes in the permeability of the cell membrane to Na+, K+, and Ca2+ ions

64
Q

What does the P wave correspond to in the ECG?

A

Atrial depolarization

65
Q

When does the P wave occur in the cardiac cycle?

A

Just before atrial contraction begins

66
Q

What does the QRS complex correspond to in the ECG?

A

Ventricular depolarization - Begins just before isovolumetric contraction

67
Q

What does the T wave represent in the ECG?

A

It represents ventricular repolarization - takes place during the reduced ejection

68
Q

What is the duration of the cardiac cycle?

A

0.8 seconds

69
Q

What is cardiac output defined as?

A

The volume of blood pumped by each ventricle per unit time

70
Q

What are the most commonly used units to express cardiac output?

A

litres per minute (L.min-1)

71
Q

What is the formula to calculate cardiac output?

A

(CO) = Heart Rate (HR) x Stroke Volume (SV)

72
Q

What is the heart rate and stroke volume for a “standard” 70 kg male at rest?

A

Heart rate = 75 beats.min-1
Stroke volume is around 70 mL

73
Q

What are the two branches of the autonomic nervous system that innervate the SA node?

A

sympathetic (S) and parasympathetic (P) branches

74
Q

What transmitter is released by postganglionic S fibers?

A

Noradrenaline

75
Q

What transmitter is released by P fibers?

A

Acetylcholine (ACh)

76
Q

What receptors mediate the effects of S fibers?

A

β1-adrenoceptors

77
Q

What receptors mediate the effects of P fibers?

A

Muscarinic receptors

78
Q

Which part of the autonomic nervous system causes an increase in heart rate?

A

The sympathetic division

79
Q

What is the term for an increase in heart rate?

A

TACHYCARDIA

80
Q

Which part of the autonomic nervous system causes a decrease in heart rate?

A

The parasympathetic division

81
Q

What is the term for a decrease in heart rate?

A

BRADYCARDIA

82
Q

What are the two most fundamental heart sounds?

A

S1 and S2

83
Q

What causes the first heart sound (S1)?

A

The closure of the AV valves
Tensing of the valves and muscles during contraction (Lub)

84
Q

What causes the second heart sound (S2)?

A

The closure of the semilunar valves (Dub).

85
Q

Where in the systemic blood pressure, is the pressure the greatest?

A

Closer to the pump

86
Q

What does blood flow along?

A

A pressure gradient

87
Q

What causes pressure in vessels?

A

Flow which is opposed by resistance

88
Q

Where is systemic blood pressure greatest?

A

Aorta

89
Q

Where is systemic blood pressure lowest?

A

In the right atrium - 0 mmHg

90
Q

Where is the steepest drop in pressure in the circulation?

A

In the arterioles, which offer the greatest resistance to flow.

91
Q

What are the heart contractions synchronised by gap junctions to do?

A
  • Completely empty the heart
  • Prevent blood getting trapped in the ventricle
92
Q

What is disrithmia?

A

When the atria and ventricles don’t have a synchronised contraction

93
Q

What is one of the first symptoms people with disrithmia encounter?

A

Loss of time - insufficient oxygen is supplied to the brain

94
Q

What membrane potential are individual pacemaker cells maintained at?

A

-65 to -70 mV

95
Q

What is the sympathetic nervous system associated with?

A

Fight or flight - heart rate increases

96
Q

What happens to the heart rate during stimulation of the parasympathetic nervous system?

A

Heart rate decreases - makes membrane less leaky, so it takes longer to reach threshold and fire an action potential

97
Q

Where are the parasympathetic cell bodies located?

A

Medulla oblongata - extend long axons to peripheral ganglia (which are located close to target tissue)

98
Q

What mediates the communication between preganglionic neurons and ganglionic neurons in parasympathetic nervous system?

A

Acetylcholine (ACh) binding to muscarinic and nicotinic receptors
These makes ganglionic neurons fire action potentials

99
Q

Normal systolic and diastolic blood pressure

A

Systolic = 120
Diastolic = 80

Biology (S2) (7 decks)

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