Cardiovascular System

Question 1

Epicardium

Answer 1

External layer; visceral layer of serous pericardium; smooth, slippery texture

Question 2

Myocardium

Answer 2

Cardiac muscle (95%)

Question 3

Endocardium

Answer 3

Inner layer; smooth lining for chambers, valves, and continuous with lining of large blood vessels

Question 4

Pericardium

Answer 4

Membrane surrounding and protecting the heart

Question 5

Fibrous pericardium

Answer 5

Tough, inelastic, dense irregular connective tissue— prevents overstretching

Question 6

Serous pericardium

Answer 6

Thinner, more delicate membrane— double layer

Question 7

Atrioventricular valves

Answer 7

Prevents black flow within heart; tricuspid and bicuspid valves

Question 8

Semilunar valves

Answer 8

Prevent back flow into heart; pulmonary and aortic semilunar

Question 9

Pathway of blood through the heart

Answer 9

1. Right atrium
2. Tricuspid valve
3. Right ventricle
4. Pulmonary valve
5. Pulmonary arteries
6. Pulmonary veins
7. Left atrium
8. Bicuspid valve
9. Left ventricle
10. Aortic valve

Question 10

Functions of blood

Answer 10

Transportation, regulation, protection

Question 11

Plasma

Answer 11

55% blood; contains water and solutes

Question 12

Formed elements of the blood

Answer 12

45% of blood; made of erythrocytes, leukocytes, and platelets

Question 13

Hypovolemic shock

Answer 13

Decreased blood volume

Question 14

Cardiogenic shock

Answer 14

Poor heart function

Question 15

Vascular shock

Answer 15

Inappropriate vasodilation

Question 16

Obstructive shock

Answer 16

Obstruction of blood flow

Question 17

Arteries

Answer 17

Carry blood away from the heart to other organs

Question 18

Arterioles

Answer 18

Very small arteries

Question 19

Capillaries

Answer 19

Tiny vessels that allow exchange of substances between blood and body tissues

Question 20

Venules

Answer 20

Very small veins

Question 21

Veins

Answer 21

Carry blood from the tissues back to heart

Question 22

Elastic arteries

Answer 22

Walls stretch to accommodate surge of blood

Question 23

Conducting arteries

Answer 23

Aorta, common carotid, subclavian, etc

Question 24

Muscular arteries

Answer 24

Medium sized, capable of greater vasoconstriction and vasodilation, thick walls

Question 25

Arterioles function

Answer 25

Regulates resistance to blood flow by vasoconstriction and vasodilation

Question 26

Vasoconstriction

Answer 26

Increase BP

Question 27

Vasodilation

Answer 27

Decreases BP

Question 28

Capillaries composition

Answer 28

Single layer of endothelial cells

Question 29

Veins structure

Answer 29

Less elastic tissue and smooth muscle than arteries; more fibrous connective tissue than arteries; lower pressure in veins

Question 30

Right coronary artery

Answer 30

Supplies small branches to atrium and divides inferiorly

Question 31

Posterior interventricular branch

Answer 31

Supplies walls of two ventricles

Question 32

Marginal branch

Answer 32

Supplies myocardium of only right ventricle

Question 33

Left coronary artery: anterior interventricular branch

Answer 33

Walls of both ventricles

Question 34

Circumflex branch

Answer 34

Walls of LA & LV

Question 35

Primary lymphatic organs

Answer 35

Provide environment for maturation of B and T lymphocytes; red bone marrow for B cells, thymus for mature T cells

Question 36

Secondary lymphatic organs and tissues

Answer 36

Site where most immune responses occur; B and T cells become active in the spleen, lymph nodes, and blood stream -> produce antibodies

Question 37

Functions of lymphatic system

Answer 37

1. Draining excess interstitial fluid and plasma proteins from tissue spaces 2. Transporting dietary lipids and vitamins from GI track to blood 3. Facilitating immune responses

Question 38

Formation of lymph

Answer 38

Fluid and proteins escaping from vascular capillaries is collected by lymphatic capillaries and returned to the blood

Question 39

Flow of lymph

Answer 39

1. Arteries and blood capillaries 2. Interstitial spaces 3. Lymph capillaries 4. Lymphatic vessels 5. Lymph trunks 6. Thoracic duct or right lymphatic duct 7. Subclavian veins

Question 40

Lymphedema

Answer 40

Blockage of lymphatic vessels

Question 41

Flow of excitation through cardiac conduction system

Answer 41

1. SA node 2. AV node 3. Bundle of His 4. Right and left bundle branches 5. Purkinje fibers

Question 42

P wave

Answer 42

Atrial depolarization; small upward mound

Question 43

QRS complex

Answer 43

Rapid ventricular depolarization; small deflection, large triangular wave, downward wave

Question 44

T wave

Answer 44

Ventricular repolarization; dome shaped upward deflection