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Anatomy and Physiology > Cardiovascular System > Flashcards

Cardiovascular System Flashcards

1
Q

What is the function of the cardiovascular system?

A

To pump blood around the body so oxygen can be delivered

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2
Q

What are the chambers of the heart called?

A

-Right atria
-Left atria
-Right ventricle
-Left ventricle

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3
Q

What are valves?

A

Consists of leaflets or cusps that allow movement of blood in only one direction

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4
Q

What are the names of the heart valves?

A

Atrioventricular valves =
-Tricuspid valve
-Mitral (bicuspid) valve

Semilunar valves =
-Pulmonary valve
-Aortic valve

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5
Q

What is oxygenated blood?

A

Blood that is rich in oxygen

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6
Q

What is deoxygenated blood?

A

Blood that is not rich in oxygen / lacks oxygen

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7
Q

Which process is oxygen used for in the body?

A

Oxygen is used for cellular respiration

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8
Q

What type of product is carbon dioxide in cellular respiration?

A

A bi product which the heart must pump back to the lungs to be exhaled

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9
Q

What products does blood carry?

A

-Oxygen
-Carbon dioxide
-Waste products
-Electrolytes
-Fatty acids
-Insulin
-White blood cells
-Antibodies

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10
Q

Right atria

A

Receives deoxygenated blood from the body and then empties the blood into the right ventricle

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11
Q

Left atria

A

Receives oxygenated blood from the lungs and then empties the blood into the left ventricle

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12
Q

Right ventricle

A

Pumps deoxygenated blood to the lungs

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13
Q

Left ventricle

A

Pumps oxygenated blood to the body

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14
Q

Aortic valve

A

Located between the left ventricle and the aorta

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15
Q

Pulmonary valve

A

Located between the right ventricle and the pulmonary artery

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16
Q

Mitral (bicuspid) valve

A

Located between the left atrium and left ventricle

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17
Q

Tricuspid valve

A

Located between the right atrium and right ventricle

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18
Q

What are the different layers of the heart called?

A

-Pericardium (outer layer)
-Myocardium (middle layer)
-Endocardium (inner layer)

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19
Q

Why is the pericardium important?

A

Without the pericardium the heart will dry up and touch parts it shouldn’t

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20
Q

Pericardium

A

-It is a fibrous sac that encloses the heart and the blood vessels
-It protects and lubricates the heart to keep it in place within the chest

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21
Q

Myocardium

A

-It is the muscular layer of the heart wall
-It facilitates contraction and relaxation of the heart wall to allow the heart to pump blood into the systemic circulation

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22
Q

Endocardium

A

-It is a thin smooth membrane which lines the inner surfaces of the heart chambers and valves
-It provides smooth surfaces for the interior chambers of the heart so blood can easily flow across them

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23
Q

Where is the heart located?

A

It is located in the middle mediastinum

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24
Q

Anatomy of the heart

A

-The right atrium receives blood from the veins that has already circulated through the body and pumps it over to the right ventricle through a valved opening called the tricuspid valve
-From the right ventricle blood travels through another valve called the pulmonary valve into the pulmonary artery which carries deoxygenated blood to the right and left lungs where carbon dioxide is exhaled and oxygen is picked up
-The oxygenated blood returns to the heart via one of the four pulmonary veins which bring it to the left atrium
-From the left atrium blood travels through the mitral valve into the left ventricle
-From the left ventricle blood travels through the aortic valve into the aorta which pumps blood to the rest of the body

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25
Q

What are the two important circulation processes?

A

-Sytemic circulation
-Pulmonary circulation

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26
Q

What is the size of the heart?

A

It is about the size of your clenched fist

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27
Q

Which blood vessel carries oxygenated blood?

A

Arteries except the pulmonary artery

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28
Q

Which blood vessel carries deoxygenated blood?

A

Veins except pulmonary vein

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29
Q

What is the difference between arteries and veins?

A

Arteries:
-Have high pressure
-Thick walls
-Narrow lumen
-Large amounts of elastic fibres and smooth muscle
-Do not have valves
-Largest artery in the body is the aorta

Veins:
-Have low pressure
-Thin walls
-Thick lumen
-Small amounts of elastic fibres and smooth muscle
-Have valves
-Largest vein in the body is the vena cava

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30
Q

What is the difference between the superior vena cava and the inferior vena cava?

A

Superior vena cava:
-Receives blood from the upper parts of the body such as the neck, head, chest and arms

Inferior vena cava:
-Receives blood from the lower parts of the body such as the legs and feet

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31
Q

What are the three layers of the pericardium?

A

-Fibrous
-Parietal
-Visceral

32
Q

Fibrous pericardium

A

-Very dense
-Has non flexible connective tissue
-Helps protect and anchor the heart

33
Q

Pericarditis

A

An infection of the pericardium

34
Q

Which blood vessels carry blood away from the heart and what chambers do they exit from?

A

-Pulmonary artery exits from the right ventricle
-Aorta exits from the left ventricle

35
Q

Which blood vessels carry blood towards the heart and what chambers do they empty to?

A

-Superior vena cava, inferior vena cava and the coronary sinus empty into the right atrium
-The four pulmonary veins empty into the left atrium

36
Q

How are electrical signals conducted to the ventricles?

A

-Electrical impulses travel from the sinoatrial node (SAN) to the atrioventricular node (AVN)
-Impulses are slowed down for a short period of time before continuing down the conduction pathway via the bundle of His into the ventricles

37
Q

Atrioventricular node

A

-Located at the junction between the atria and the ventricles
-It is an electrical gateway keeper for both the atria and the ventricles and allows efficient ventricular filling by introducing a delay

38
Q

Sinoatrial node

A

-Located in the right atrium
-It is known as the pacemaker of the heart as it continuously generates electrical signals which set the heart in a normal rhythm and rate

39
Q

Bundle of His

A

-Located in the interventricular septum
-It is a collection of cells that carry electrical signals from the AV node to the bundle branches

40
Q

Septum

A

Separates the heart from the mixing of oxygenated and deoxygenated blood

41
Q

Bradycardia

A

-Heart rate below 60 beats per minute (bpm)
-This can be caused if there’s any issues with the SA node

42
Q

Tachycardia

A

-Heart rate above 100 beats per minute (bpm)
-This can be caused by doing intense exercise or as a response to stress

43
Q

Purkinjie fibres

A

-Located just beneath the endocardium
-These fibres allow the heart to contract normally in a synchronised way

44
Q

What is the resting heart rate?

A

60 to 90 beats per minute (bpm)

45
Q

Pulse pressure

A

The difference between the systolic pressure and the diastolic pressure

46
Q

Systolic pressure

A

The amount of pressure experienced by the arteries while the heart is beating

47
Q

Diastolic pressure

A

The amount of pressure experienced by the arteries while the heart is resting in between heart beats

48
Q

Blood pressure

A

Blood pressure is measured by using a sphygmomanometer which gives readings of systolic and diastolic pressure in mm Hg

49
Q

Hypertension

A

It is high blood pressure which can occur because of:
-Eating too much salt
-Not eating a healthy balanced diet
-Smoking
-Alcohol
-Stress
-Lack of exercise
-Other health conditions

50
Q

Hypotension

A

It is low blood pressure which can occur because of:
-Dehydration
-Pregnancy
-Resting for too long
-Not eating much salt
-Other health conditions

51
Q

What is the difference between the right side of the heart wall and the left side of the heart wall?

A

Left side of the heart wall:
-Thicker and muscular than the right side
-Pumps blood to the rest of the body which is a large distance
-Long distance = high pressure

Right side of the heart wall:
-Only pumps blood to the lungs which is a short distance
-Short distance = low pressure

52
Q

ECG

A

ECG stands for electrocardiography which records the rhythm, heart rate and electrical activity of the heart

53
Q

ECG waves

A

-P wave = atrial depolarisation
-QRS complex = ventricular depolarisation
-T wave = ventricular repolarisation

54
Q

Atrial depolarisation

A

The atria contracts which increases the pressure forcing the atrioventricular valves to open to allow the atria to start filling the ventricles

55
Q

Ventricular depolarisation

A

-The ventricles contract increasing the pressure which forces the atrioventricular valves to close
-When the pressure from the ventricles is higher than the pulmonary artery and the aorta the semilunar valves are forced to open which allows blood to be pumped into the major arteries

56
Q

Ventricular repolarisation

A

-This is when the ventricles relax before filling again to alllow the ventricles to enter the state of depolarisation
-The blood vessels return blood to the heart in preparation for the next ventricular contraction

57
Q

How is blood viscosity determined by?

A

By the ratio of red blood cells to plasma volume

58
Q

Calculation of mean arterial pressure (MAP)

A

Diastolic + (0.33 x (systolic - diastolic))

59
Q

What happens when blood pressure changes?

A

-The heart ability to control the pressure is limited which means it can send signals which travel to the brain
-The medulla oblongata picks up these receptors as it is the part of the brain that is connected to the spinal cord
-The medulla oblongata controls the breathing rate, heart rate and blood pressure
-This allows homeostasis to occur, which is bringing back normal conditions through certain mechanisms

60
Q

What happens if the brain cannot respond to the heart when it recieves receptors?

A

Homeostasis cannot be achieved which means blood pressure will not be controlled

61
Q

Sympathetic nervous system

A

When activated, the body triggers a response called the fight or flight response which increases the heart rate and blood pressure

62
Q

Parasympathetic nervous system

A

When activated, the body enteres a state of relaxation which slows the heart rate, lowers blood pressure and promotes digestion

63
Q

Adrenaline (epinephrine)

A

Adrenaline is released from the adrenal glands during the body’s fight or flight response which makes the heart beat faster and increases blood flow to the brain and muscles

64
Q

What medications stop the production of adrenaline?

A

Beta blockers stop adrenaline from binding to receptors to control blood pressure and heart rate

65
Q

What is negative feedback?

A

This type of feedback occurs to balance conditions which achieve homeostasis

66
Q

What can the brain do when blood pressure is low?

A

The brain can increase the sympathetic nerves which increase force of contractions

67
Q

Vasodilation

A

Widening of blood vessels

68
Q

Vasoconstriction

A

Narrowing of blood vessels

69
Q

How can the kidneys lower blood pressure?

A

They can regulate water by getting rid off water and toxins which lowers the blood volume decreasing blood pressure

70
Q

What determines blood volume?

A

Fluid intake and fluid loss

71
Q

What determines the cardiac output?

A

Cardiac output = stroke volume x heart rate

72
Q

What is the outermost layer of the heart’s serous pericardium?

A

Parietal pericardium

73
Q

Chordae tendineae

A

-Are fibrous connections between the valve leaflets and the papillary muscles
-Are structures that prevent the prolapse of the atrioventricular valves

74
Q

What is the difference between the systemic circulation and the pulmonary circulation?

A

Systemic circulation:
-Systemic circulation moves blood between the heart and the rest of the body
-Brings oxygenated from the heart to the rest of the body

Pulmonary circulation:
-Pulmonary circulation moves blood between the heart and the lungs
-Brings deoxygenated blood back to the heart

75
Q

Where does the exchange of oxygen occur?

A

In the capillaries

Anatomy and Physiology (1 decks)

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