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HLTB22H3 > Cardiovascular System > Flashcards

Cardiovascular System Flashcards

1
Q

Cardiovascular system

A

consists of blood vessels, heart, blood, pulmonary and system circulations

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2
Q

Hematopoletic stem cells

A

produce red & white blood cells and platelets

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3
Q

Characteristics of blood vessels

A

Function
Pressure
Lumen diameter
Wall thickness
Wall layers
Connective tissue
Valves

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4
Q

Layers of blood vessels

A

INNER: TUNICA INTIMA (endothelium
MIDDLE: Tunica Media
OUTER: Tunica Adventitia
Vasoconstriction vs vasovalidation

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5
Q

Blood Flow, Blood Pressure, and Resistance

A

*Stiffening of arteries→increased resistance→higher pressure→ reduced flow→increased workload

*mmHg systolic: Pressure exerted when blood is ejected into arteries (any higher than 120 and it loses its ability to contract)

*mmHg diastolic: Pressure blood exerts within arteries between heartbeats (any higher than 80 and it loses its ability to expand)

Lower risk of CVD
* Fueled by aninflammatory response
* LDL cholesterol accumulation also further stimulates
body’s defense system
* May narrow the arterY which reduces blood flow
* Blood clots→thrombus, embolus
* Treated with blood thinning or blood dissolving drugs

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6
Q

Aneurysm

A

most common place to have it in the aorta, has various causes

High blood pressure can cause it

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7
Q

Ischemic Heart disease

A
  • Also called coronary artery disease
  • Fatty deposits occur in the coronary arteries that normally nourish heart muscle
  • Angina pectoris serves as a warning sign
  • Imbalance between myocardial blood supply and demand
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8
Q

Symptoms of ischemic heart disease

A
  • chest pain / tightness / heaviness
  • unusual shortness of breath
  • unusual fatigue
  • unexpected sweating
  • unexplained weakness
  • Discomfort in the neck, jaw, teeth or back
  • Nausea
  • Stabbing pain instead of
    chest pressure
  • Stomach (abdominal) pain
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9
Q

Gender bias and cardiovascular disease

A

Estrogen, menopause and pregnancy ( to look this up)

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10
Q

Framingham heart study

A
  • Started in 1948 by the U.S. Public Health Service→5,209 participants in the town of Framingham, MA, USA
  • To understand the natural history of CVD and identify their major causal factors
  • The ‘crown jewel’ of epidemiology
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11
Q

Who is at risk for cardiovascular disease

A

Cigarette smoking
Cholesterol (Totl cholesterol, LDL cholesterol)
Hypertension ( High blood pressure)
Age, sex
Typer 2 Diabetes
Overweight or Obesity ( BMI : KG/M^20

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12
Q

Who should screen for high cholesterol

A

Men and women post-menopausal ( or over 40 years - inclusive of the forty years)

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13
Q

Treating Ischemic Heart Disease

A

Medication, surgery - coronary bypass graft surgery
Rehabilitation programs after cardiac problem: * Take charge of their medical condition
* Develop strategies to improve risk factors for CVD
* Maintainanexerciseprogramtoimprovehealthandwellbeing
* Incorporate healthy food choices and practices
* Develop strategies to manage their psychosocial risks for CVD

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14
Q

Exercise

A

Physical activity:
* Any bodily movement produced by skeletal muscles resulting in an increase over resting energy expenditure
* Execise:* Planned
* Structured
* Repetitive

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15
Q

Heart rate

A
  • Estimated max heart rate=220-age(in years)
  • Moderate intensity: 50-75% of heart rate maximum * High intensity: >75% of heart rate maximum
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16
Q

Rating of perceived exertion 0-10

A
  • Moderate intensity: 3-7
  • High Intensity: >7
17
Q

Current Recommendations

A
  • 150 minutes per week of moderate intensity exercise or physical activity
  • Strengthening exercises 2 times per week
  • 75 minutes per week of high intensity exercise or physical activity
  • Strengthening exercises 2 times per week
  • How do these recommendations differ for individuals affected by a disability?
18
Q

Energy systems in exercise

A
  1. Phosphagen system (or ATP-phosphocreatine)
    * 2. Anaerobic system (glycolytic)
    * 3. Aerobic system (oxidative)
19
Q

Outline of exercise

A
  • How they work
  • Major fuel source
  • Rate/capacity
  • Muscle fibre types
  • How to improve rate/capacity
20
Q

Energy systems: Phosphagen System

A
  • ATP→ADP through the enzyme ATPase * Produces energy
  • ADP→ATP through the enzyme Creatine Kinase * Adds a phosphate group back to ADP
  • Rate = very fast
  • Capacity = limited
21
Q

Phosphagen System: Type IIx Muscle Fibres

A
  • Type IIx (fast glycolytic) muscle fibres * Fast contraction
  • Limited oxygen use
  • Few mitochondria, capillaries
  • High amounts of glycogen
  • Best ability to regenerate ATP * Highly fatigable
22
Q
  • Uses glycogen as energy
  • Net output of 2 or 3 ATP molecules
  • Rate = fast
  • Capacity = limited (less limited than phosphagen system)
A

Energy Systems: Anaerobic System

23
Q

Anaerobic System: Type IIx Muscle Fibres

A
  • Type IIx (fast glycolytic) muscle fibres * Fast contraction
  • Limited oxygen use
  • Few mitochondria, capillaries
  • High amounts of glycogen
  • Best ability to regenerate ATP * Highly fatigable
24
Q
  • Maximum amount of force that a muscle or muscle group can exert during a single, maximal effort contraction
  • Often measured with a one-repetition maximum isotonic contraction (i.e. maximum amount of weight that can be lifted with a single contraction)
  • Muscle tissue= best calorie burning tissue
  • Greater muscle mass= greater basal metabolic rate
    need to engage in resistance training
A

Muscular Strength

25
Q

Progressive overload

A
  • Increasing the intensity of exercise over a period of time
  • Why is it needed?
  • Muscle will adapt quickly to receiving a constant stimuli
  • How can this be done?
  • Increase the resistance of the exercise (e.g. add more weight)
  • Add volume (i.e. number of sets or repetitions)
  • Perform the movement with more control (e.g. greater range
    of motion or slow the movement down)
26
Q

Energy Systems: Aerobic system

A
  • Uses oxygen as energy supply
  • Net output of 32 or 33 ATP molecules
  • Rate = very, very slow
  • Capacity = unlimited
27
Q
  • Moderate oxygen supply to meet energy demands of skeletal muscle
  • Type IIa (fast oxidative) muscle fibres * Fast contraction
  • Uses oxygen
  • Some mitochondria, capillaries
  • Moderate amounts of glycogen
  • Can regenerate ATP
  • Moderately fatigue resistant
A

Aerobic Exercise: Type IIa Muscle Fibres

28
Q
  • Sufficient oxygen supply to meet energy demands of skeletal muscle
  • Type I (slow oxidative) muscle fibres
  • Slow contraction
  • Use oxygen
  • Lots of mitochondria, capillaries
  • Low amounts of glycogen
  • Low ability to regenerate ATP
  • Fatigue resistant
A

Aerobic Exercise: Type I Muscle Fibres

29
Q

Aerobic Exercise: Cardiorespiratory Fitness

A
  • Purpose
  • To improve cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF)
  • CRF
  • efficiency of muscle to use oxygen to produce energy
    in skeletal muscle
  • Used as a predictor for heart transplant
  • Also known as VO2max or VO2peak
  • Units: ml of O2 per kilogram of body mass per minute of consumption
  • Improve CRF through a combination of high and moderate intensity aerobic exercise
30
Q

Beneficial Adaptations to Exercise

A
    1. Increased number of adenosine receptors
    1. Increased capillary network
    1. Increased stroke volume
    1. Increased recruitment of glucose transporters to skeletal muscle cell membrane
31
Q

to study

A

Adenosine Receptors: Vasculature
Adenosime Receptors: Central Nervous System
Increased Capillary Density
Increased Stroke Volume
Elevated Heart Rate: Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy
Increased Recruitment of Glucose Transporters

32
Q

Increased stroke volume

A
  • Conditions of exercise environment
  • Elevated heart rate
  • Increased blood flow demand to and away from skeletal muscle
  • Adaptation
  • Heart ejects more blood with each
    contraction
  • Less strain on the heart
33
Q

Example of impact muscle strength

A

Exercise is Medicine: Muscle Strength and Mortality
* López-Bueno R et al. 2022
* 7 year follow up
* 54 thousand men, 66 thousand women (average age: 64 years)
* Increased muscle strength was associated with a 60% reduced risk of mortal

55
Exercise is Medicine: Muscle Strength and COVID-19
* Gil S et al. 2021
* 93 males, 93 females
* Monitored during hospitalization for moderate to severe COVID-19
* Increased muscle strength and mass was associated with 2-3 days shorter hospital stay compared to those with the lowest muscle strength and mass

Exercise is Medicine: Physical Activity and Blood Glucose
* Buffey AJ et al. 2022
* Prolonged sitting (≥5 hours)
* Interrupted with standing or light intensity walking for 2- 30 minutes

34
Q

Tips on exercise if you sit for very long

A
  • Interruptions in sitting occurred every 20-60 minutes
  • Standing and light intensity walking reduced blood
    glucose, improved insulin sensitivity
  • Stronger effect of light intensity walking compared to standing
35
Q

Exercise is medicine: Physical Activity and Muscle Protein Synthesis

A
  • Moore DR et al. 2022
  • Prolonged sitting (7.5 hours)
  • Interrupted with light intensity walking (2 mins at 3.1mph) or 15 body weight squats
  • Interruptions in sitting occurred every 30 minutes
  • Rate of muscle protein synthesis was higher with “activity snacks” compared to sitting

HLTB22H3 (4 decks)

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