Cardiovascular System Flashcards

1
Q

Four major functions of the circulatory system

A
  1. maintain homeostasis
  2. Deliver nutrients ( O2, CHO, amino-acids, fatty acids, lipids, vitamins, hormones, cytokines, immune cells, water, and heat )
  3. Remove waste products ( Co2, L-lactate, protons, urea, water, and heat)
  4. To be energetically efficient with adequate reserve capacity
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2
Q

Galen

A

Stated that there were pores in the interventricular septum that helped carry the “ vital spirit”

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3
Q

Andreas Vesalius

A

No pored in the interventricular septum, cardiac contractions was associated with a pulse

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4
Q

William Harvey

A

Considered to have discovered the circulatory system, with the heart as a pump and one way valves in veins and heart

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5
Q

Stephen Hales

A

Was considered to be the first cardiovascular physiologist. He measured blood pressure in the carotid artery and jugular vein

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6
Q

The cardiovascular system consist of

A

Pump
Circuits
Fluid

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7
Q

Diffusion

A

Is slow over short distances so that metabolically active cells must be within 100um of a capillary carrying blood

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8
Q

Bulk flow

A

Is rapid over long distances
Conduits = artery, arterioles
Energy for flow is produced by the perfusion pressure difference

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9
Q

The fluid inside the circuit is called

A

Blood

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10
Q

The viscosity of blood increases with ______

A

Hematocrit

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11
Q

The fluid outside the circuit includes

A

Interstitial fluid, lymphatic fluid, cerebrospinal fluid, synovial fluid, peritoneal fluid, pleural fluid, and pericardial fluid.

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12
Q

Which one of the following statements concerning the cardiovascular system is correct?
A. The cardiovascular system consists of a pump, fluid, and a circuit in an open system
B. The cardiovascular system plays a minor role in cellular homeostasis
C. The cardiovascular system delivers nutrients such as CO2 and removes wastes products such as O2 from cells in organ beds
D. The cardiovascular system must be energetically efficient with adequate reserve capacity

A

D.

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13
Q

Heart ( the pump)

A

2 pumps in a series that share a common wall for energy efficiency . The heart is enclosed in a pericardial sac that contains pericardial fluid

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14
Q

4 chambers of the heart

A

Right atrium
Left atrium
Right ventricle
Left ventricle

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15
Q

What is the valve between the RV and RA

A

Tricuspid valve

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16
Q

What is the valve between PA and RV

A

Pulmonic valve

17
Q

What is the valve between the LV and LA

A

Mitral (bicuspid) valve

18
Q

What is the valve between Ascending aorta and LV

A

Aortic valve

19
Q

What muscles are attached to the AV valves via chordae tendinae

A

Papillary muscles

20
Q

Chordae tendinae

A

Minimize eversion of the tricuspid and bicuspid valves into the RA and LA when the ventricle contracts

21
Q

Arteries

A

Conduit
Vessels that transport blood rapidly and at high pressure away from the heart

22
Q

Aterioles

A

Last small branches of the arteries that act to regulate flow through a capillary bed

23
Q

Capillaries

A

A very thin walled vessel that permits exchange of nutrients and waste products between blood and interstitial fluid

24
Q

Venules

A

Small vessels that drain blood from the capillary bed
Venules join together to form veins

25
Q

Veins

A

Capacitance
Vessels that transport at low pressure towards the heart
Valves are present in larger veins to ensure unidirectional floe
Stores blood for mobilization if needed

26
Q

Fluid is moved by a pump that must produce ____________ _____________

A

Intermittent flow

27
Q

Bulk flow

A

Is rapid and over large distances through conduit vessels such as the artery and arterioles

28
Q

The driving force for flow is produced by

A

Hydrostatic pressure

29
Q

Arteries are conduit vessels =

A

Bulk flow

30
Q

Veins are

A

Capacitance vessels
High compliance= low stiffness

31
Q

2 types of pressure

A

Perfusion pressure
Transmural pressure

32
Q

Pulmonary circuits are arranged in

A

Series

33
Q

Organs within the systemic circulation are in

A

Parallel

34
Q

If all the blood vessels in parallel are added together, which one of the following classes of vessel has the greatest net cross-sectional area and consequently the slowest rate of flow?
a) Ascending aorta
b) Conduit arteries
c) Arterioles
d) Capillaries
e) Venules

A

D

35
Q

Which cardiac valves would a red blood cell pass through as it flows from the pulmonary artery through the lungs into the aorta?
a) Tricuspid (first) and pulmonary (second)
b) Pulmonary (first) and mitral (second)
c) Mitral (first) and aortic (second)
d) Aortic (first) and tricuspid (second)

A

C