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General physiology > Cardiovascular system > Flashcards

Cardiovascular system Flashcards

1
Q

Position of heart in apex

A

left towards anterior

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2
Q

Position of heart in base

A

right towards anterior

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3
Q

Position of heart

A

-Slightly left of midline
- 1st to 5th rib

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4
Q

-Type of pericardium
-Tough layer
- Connected to
great vessels

A

Fibrous pericardium

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5
Q
  • type of pericardium
  • a. Outer parietal
  • Pericardial fluid
    b. Inner visceral
    pericardium
  • Epicardium
A

Serous pericardium

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6
Q

2 types of pericardium

A

Fibrous pericardium
Serous pericardium

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7
Q
  • Thickest layer of the heart
  • Composed of
    cardiomyocytes
A

Myocardium

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8
Q

Continuous with endothelium blood vessels

A

Endocardium

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9
Q

non oxygenated chambers of heart

A

-Right atrium
- Right
ventricle

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10
Q

oxygenated chambers of heart

A
  • Left atrium
  • Left ventricle
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11
Q

oxygenated chambers of heart

A
  • Left atrium
  • Left ventricle
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12
Q
  • Thinner
  • Blood flows from atrium to ventricle
A

Atriums

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13
Q
  • Thicker
  • Left ventricle (thickest)
  • Blood has to travel great distance
A

Ventricles

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14
Q

Divides left and right atria

A

Interatrial septum

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15
Q

Divides left and right ventricles

A

Interventricular septum

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16
Q

Facilitates one-way flow of blood

A

VALVES

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17
Q

Divides L atrium from L Ventricle

A

BICUSPID VALVE (MITRAL VALVE)

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18
Q

Divides R atrium from R ventricle

A

TRICUSPID VALVE

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19
Q

-Anchor flap margins to the walls
- Tense up during contraction

A

CHORDAE TENDINAE

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20
Q
  • Functional cell of the heart
  • Involuntary muscles
    Distinct features:
  • Single centrally-located nucleus
  • Intercalated discs
    - Step-shaped thickenings of the sarcolemma
    - Desmosomes connect one cell
    to the other
    - Contains gap junctions (rapid
    ion exchange)
  • Contraction of actin and myosin
    filaments is 15x longer than in skeletal
    muscles
A

Cardiocytes

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21
Q

SVC (head)
- IVC (rest of body)
- Coronary sinus (heart)

A

RA receives Deoxygenated blood
(DB)

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22
Q
  • Through tricuspid valve
  • As the RA contracts
A

DB enters RV

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23
Q

-Pulmonary trunk
- Pulmonary arteries

A

DB pass Pulmonary Valve to enter
Lungs

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24
Q

Becomes oxygenated blood
(OB)

A

DB loses CO2 and gains O2

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25
Q
  • LA contracts
  • Through mitral valve
A

OB enters LV

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26
Q
  • Aorta
  • Systemic arteries
A

OB passes Aortic Valve

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27
Q

1.RA receives Deoxygenated blood
(DB)
- SVC (head)
- IVC (rest of body)
- Coronary sinus (heart)
2. DB enters RV
- Through tricuspid valve
- As the RA contracts
3. DB pass Pulmonary Valve to enter
Lungs
- Pulmonary trunk
- Pulmonary arteries
4. DB loses CO2 and gains O2
- Becomes oxygenated blood
(OB)
5. OB passes through Pulmonary
veins
6. OB enters LA
7. OB enters LV
- LA contracts
- Through mitral valve
8. OB passes Aortic Valve
- Aorta
- Systemic arteries
9. OB loses O2 and gains CO2
10. SVC, IVC & coronary sinus
transports DB towards RA

A

BLOOD CIRCULATION

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28
Q
  • Deoxygenated Blood goes to the
    Right Atrium to lungs
  • Returns to Left atrium as
    oxygenated blood
    PUMP: Right Ventricle
A

Pulmonary Circuit

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29
Q

Oxygenated blood left ventricle to
arteries to capillaries of the whole
system
- Deoxygenated blood goes back to
the right atrium
PUMP: Left ventricle

A

Systemic Circuit

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30
Q

-Atria & ventricles are relaxed
- Blood flows in

A

DIASTOLE

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31
Q

-Ventricles are contract
- Blood flows out

A

SYSTOLE

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32
Q

-Special cardiocytes
- Autorhythmic fibers
- Self-excitable or myogenic
- Set the heartbeat 60-100 bpm

A

PACEMAKER CELLS

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33
Q

Sinoatrial Node (SA)
Atrioventricular Node (AV)
Bundle of HIS Purkinje Fibers

A

CARDIAC RHYTHM

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34
Q
  • Negative inside
  • Positive outside
  • Flow of K+ in and out of cell is equal
  • Maintained by Na-K pump
  • 3 Na goes out
  • 2 K goes in
A

RESTING POTENTIAL

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35
Q

ACTION POTENTIAL IN SKELETAL
MUSCLES

A

Duration: 2-3 ms

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36
Q

Sodium ions rush inside

A

Depolarization

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37
Q
  • Less negative inside
  • Less positive outside
A

Depolarized

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38
Q

-Positive inside
- Negative
outside
- Na+ channels
close
- K+ channels
opens

A

Overshoot

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39
Q
  • Positive inside
  • Negative
    outside
  • Na+ channels
    close
  • K+ channels
    opens
  • K+ ions exit
A

Repolarization

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40
Q

ACTION POTENTIAL OF PACEMAKER
CELLS

A

Duration: 200-400 ms

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41
Q
  • Na+ enter
    through “funny
    channels”
  • Influx of Na+
  • Inside less
    negative,
    outside less
    positive
A

Depolarization

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42
Q
  • Ca+ channel
    opens
  • Ca+ ions elicit
    action potential
  • Transmit wave
    of excitation
    throughout the
    heart
  • Contraction
    takes place
A

Threshold Level

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43
Q
  • Positive inside
  • Negative
    outside
  • K+ channels
    open
  • Ca+ channel
    closes
  • Exit of K+
  • Cardiac
    muscles relax
A

Repolarization

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44
Q
  1. SA node create an action potential
  2. Wave of excitation spread across
    the atria
    - Atria contract
  3. Electrical activity reaches the AV
    node
  4. Depolarization slowly spreads
    across the atria
    - Due to AV node
  5. Depolarization moves rapidly
    through Bundle of HIS and Purkinje fibers
  6. Depolarization wave spreads to the
    apex
    - Ventricles contract
A

CARDIAC CONDUCTION

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45
Q

Records heart electric activity as a
graph

A

ECG

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46
Q
  • Atrial
    depolarization
  • Atrial systole
  • 1st wave
A

P wave

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47
Q

Ventricular
depolarization
- Ventricular
systole
- Contraction of
ventricles

A

ORS complex

48
Q

Ventricular
repolarization

A

T wave

49
Q
  • Between S & T
  • Time between
    depolarization
    and
    repolarization
A

ST segment

50
Q

-Repolarization
of Purkinje fiber
- Not always
visible

A

U wave

51
Q
  • Chambers are
    relaxed
  • Ventricles fill up
    passively
A

Diastole

52
Q
  • Atrial
    contraction
  • Filling-up of
    ventricles are
    complete
A

Atrial
systole

53
Q

AV valve closed
- Atria relaxes
- Ventricular
contraction
happens
- !st heart sound
(LUB)

A

Isovolumic
ventricular
contraction

54
Q
  • Ventricular
    pressure rise
  • Semilunar
    valves (B.V)
    open
  • Blood is ejected
A

Ventricular
ejection

55
Q
  • Semilunar
    valves close
  • 2nd heart
    sound (DUB)
  • Intraventricular
    pressure drops
    but not enough
    to open AV
    valves
A

Isovolumic
ventricular
relaxation

56
Q
  1. Diastole
  2. Atrial
    systole
  3. Isovolumic
    ventricular
    contraction
  4. Ventricular
    ejection
  5. Isovolumic
    ventricular
    relaxation
A

CARDIAC CYCLE

57
Q

Period between 2 cardiac
contractions

A

CARDIAC CYCLE

58
Q
  • 60-100 ml/minute
  • Amount of blood pumped out by the
    LV during systole
A

STROKE VOLUME (SV)

59
Q
  • 60-100 bpm
  • Number of heart beat in a minute
A

HEART RATE

60
Q
  • 4-6 liters/minute
  • Amount of blood pumped out by the
    LV in a minute
A

CARDIAC OUTPUT (CO)

61
Q

Cardiac Output (CO) =

A

HR x SV

62
Q

Cardiac output Individual variation:

A
  • Professional athlete
  • Gaming geek
  • Couch potato
63
Q

Heart exerts
control over it
own pumping
- Based on the
physical
features of the
cardiac
muscles

A

Intrinsic
Regulation

64
Q
  • Description for cardiac hemodynamics as it relates to cardiac muscles stretching and contracting
  • SV will increase as left ventricle volume increase due to stretching of cardiac muscle, causing a more forceful systolic contraction
A

Frank-Starling Law/Relationship

65
Q

External stimuli affects the heart beat
through the autonomic N.S

A

Extrinsic Regulation

66
Q

Change in the rhythm produced by the SA node:
change in HR

A

Chronotropic Effect

67
Q

increases heart activity

A

SNS

68
Q

decreases heart activity

A

PNS

69
Q

Change in the force or intensity of the cardiac muscle contraction

A

Inotropic Effect

70
Q

increases
contractility of
myocardium

A

SNS

71
Q

decreases
contractility of
myocardium

A

PNS

72
Q
  • Reduced
    cardiac output
  • Most common
    heart disease
  • Medicated with
    blood thinners
  • Increase
    bleeding
    during dental
    surgery
  • Stress/anxiety
    towards dental
    procedure
    could trigger
    chest pain
A

Ischemic Heart
Disease (IHD)

73
Q
  • Cessation of
    cardiac
    function
  • Potentially fatal
  • BASIC LIFE
    SUPPORT
  • BSL training is
    important for
    all dentists
A

Cardiac Arrest

74
Q

Bacterial
infection of the
endocardium
- Pathogens
coming from
the oral cavity
- Refer to
physician if
prophylactic
antibiotic is
needed before
a dental
procedure

A

Bacterial
Endocarditis

75
Q

Abnormal
heart rhythm
(arrhythmia),
atrial
fibrillation,
- tachycardia
(>100 bpm)
- Bradycardia
(<60 bpm)
- Undiagnosed
cardiac
diseases could
lead to cardiac
arrest

A

Sudden Death

76
Q
  • Essential to normal metabolic &
    immune system function
  • Transports O2 & CO2
  • 8% of human weight
  • 4-6 liters
A

BLOOD

77
Q

Fluid
component
- 55% of total
blood
volume
- 90% of
water,
minerals,
gases,
coagulants,
hormones

A

PLASMA

78
Q

Plasma proteins:

A

● Albumin -
ensures
osmolarity of
blood
● Globulin -
transport of
substances
● Fibrinogen -
clotting
protein

79
Q

● Albumin -

A

ensures
osmolarity of
blood

80
Q

● Globulin -

A

transport of
substances

81
Q

● Fibrinogen -

A

clotting
protein

82
Q

cells in blood

A

A. Erythrocytes
B. Leukocytes
C. Thrombocytes

83
Q
  • RBC
  • Oxygen
    transport
A

Erythrocytes

84
Q
  • WBC
  • Immune
    response
A

Leukocytes

85
Q
  • Platelet
  • Blood clotting
A

Thrombocytes

86
Q

Neutrophils -
bacteria & fungi
Eosinophils -
parasites, allergy
Basophils - cancer
cells & allergies

A

GRANULOCYTES

87
Q

bacteria & fungi

A

Neutrophils -

88
Q

parasites, allergy

A

Eosinophils -

89
Q

cancer
cells & allergies

A

Basophils -

90
Q

Largest
develop into

A

Monocyte

91
Q

Engulf
pathogens

A

Macrophage

92
Q

process
antigen
material and
present it to T
cells

A

Dendritic cells

93
Q

leukocytes

A

GRANULOCYTES
AGRANULOCYTES

94
Q
  • Mature in the
    thymus
  • Recognize
    MHC
    (fragments of
    protein antigen
    presented by
    dendritic cells)
  • Interacts
    directly with
    target cell
A

Lymphocytes
T cells

95
Q

Destroy
pathogens
through
aptosis
(bursting the
cell wall)

A

Cytotoxic
“KILLER” T

96
Q
  • Release
    cytokines
    (signal other
    WBC)
  • Destroyed by
    HIV
A

Helper T

97
Q
  • Suppress B &
    T cells
  • Stop the
    immune
    process
  • Fewer in
    number and
    slower to
    replicate
A

Regulatory T

98
Q

Make profile of
the pathogen

A

Memory T

99
Q

Mature in the
bone marrow
-Surface
antigen
receptors
(molecular
patterns)
- Multiply upon
signal of
HELPER T
- Connect to
pathogen and
differentiate
into:
a. Plasma cells
- makes
antibodies
(proteins bind
to pathogens
and trigger
complement
cascade)
b. Unactivated
B cells
- Circulate

A

B- cells

100
Q
  • makes
    antibodies
    (proteins bind
    to pathogens
    and trigger
    complement
    cascade)
A

Plasma cells

101
Q

Circulate

A

Unactivated
B cells

102
Q
  • Born with it
  • Protects from
    tumors and
    infected cells
  • Activated by
    cytokines
  • Release toxic
    granules to
    destroy altered
    cells
A

Natural Killer Cells
(NK)

103
Q

Agranulocytes

A

Monocyte
Lymphocytes
B- cells
Natural Killer Cells
(NK)

104
Q

T cells

A

A. Cytotoxic
“KILLER” T
B. Helper T
C. Regulatory T
D. Memory T

105
Q

B- cells

A

a. Plasma cells
b. Unactivated
B cells

106
Q

HSC
- Primitive cell that develops into
blood cells

A

HEMATOPOIETIC STEM CELLS

107
Q
  • Reduced RBC
  • Cardiorespirato
    ry symptoms
  • High risk of oral
    candidiasis
  • Delayed wound
    healing
  • General
    anesthesia is
    contraindicated
A

Anemia

108
Q
  • Increased RBC
  • High hematocrit
    and hemoglobin
    concentration
  • Increased risk
    of thrombosis
  • Ischemic heart
    disease and
    stroke
A

Polycythaemia

109
Q
  • Increased WBC
  • Sign of infection
A

Leukocytosis

110
Q
  • Increased
    neutrophils
  • Presence of
    bacterial
    infection
A

Neutrophilia

111
Q
  • Increased
    eosinophils
  • Presence of
    parasitic
    infection or
    allergy
A

Eosinophilia

112
Q
  • Increased
    lymphocytes
  • Presence of
    viral or protozoal
    infection
A

Lymphocytosis

113
Q
  • Decreased
    WBC
A

Leukopenia

114
Q
  • Decreased
    neutrophils
  • HIV or
    Tuberculosis
A

Neutropenia

115
Q
  • Decreased
    lymphocytes
  • HIV,
    tuberculosis,
    rheumatoid,
    arthritis
A

Lymphopenia

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