Cardiovascular system Flashcards
1
Q
Position of heart in apex
A
left towards anterior
2
Q
Position of heart in base
A
right towards anterior
3
Q
Position of heart
A
-Slightly left of midline
- 1st to 5th rib
4
Q
-Type of pericardium
-Tough layer
- Connected to
great vessels
A
Fibrous pericardium
5
Q
- type of pericardium
- a. Outer parietal
- Pericardial fluid
b. Inner visceral
pericardium - Epicardium
A
Serous pericardium
6
Q
2 types of pericardium
A
Fibrous pericardium
Serous pericardium
7
Q
- Thickest layer of the heart
- Composed of
cardiomyocytes
A
Myocardium
8
Q
Continuous with endothelium blood vessels
A
Endocardium
9
Q
non oxygenated chambers of heart
A
-Right atrium
- Right
ventricle
10
Q
oxygenated chambers of heart
A
- Left atrium
- Left ventricle
11
Q
oxygenated chambers of heart
A
- Left atrium
- Left ventricle
12
Q
- Thinner
- Blood flows from atrium to ventricle
A
Atriums
13
Q
- Thicker
- Left ventricle (thickest)
- Blood has to travel great distance
A
Ventricles
14
Q
Divides left and right atria
A
Interatrial septum
15
Q
Divides left and right ventricles
A
Interventricular septum
16
Q
Facilitates one-way flow of blood
A
VALVES
17
Q
Divides L atrium from L Ventricle
A
BICUSPID VALVE (MITRAL VALVE)
18
Q
Divides R atrium from R ventricle
A
TRICUSPID VALVE
19
Q
-Anchor flap margins to the walls
- Tense up during contraction
A
CHORDAE TENDINAE
20
Q
- Functional cell of the heart
- Involuntary muscles
Distinct features: - Single centrally-located nucleus
- Intercalated discs
- Step-shaped thickenings of the sarcolemma
- Desmosomes connect one cell
to the other
- Contains gap junctions (rapid
ion exchange) - Contraction of actin and myosin
filaments is 15x longer than in skeletal
muscles
A
Cardiocytes
21
Q
SVC (head)
- IVC (rest of body)
- Coronary sinus (heart)
A
RA receives Deoxygenated blood
(DB)
22
Q
- Through tricuspid valve
- As the RA contracts
A
DB enters RV
23
Q
-Pulmonary trunk
- Pulmonary arteries
A
DB pass Pulmonary Valve to enter
Lungs
24
Q
Becomes oxygenated blood
(OB)
A
DB loses CO2 and gains O2
25
- LA contracts
- Through mitral valve
OB enters LV
26
- Aorta
- Systemic arteries
OB passes Aortic Valve
27
1.RA receives Deoxygenated blood
(DB)
- SVC (head)
- IVC (rest of body)
- Coronary sinus (heart)
2. DB enters RV
- Through tricuspid valve
- As the RA contracts
3. DB pass Pulmonary Valve to enter
Lungs
- Pulmonary trunk
- Pulmonary arteries
4. DB loses CO2 and gains O2
- Becomes oxygenated blood
(OB)
5. OB passes through Pulmonary
veins
6. OB enters LA
7. OB enters LV
- LA contracts
- Through mitral valve
8. OB passes Aortic Valve
- Aorta
- Systemic arteries
9. OB loses O2 and gains CO2
10. SVC, IVC & coronary sinus
transports DB towards RA
BLOOD CIRCULATION
28
- Deoxygenated Blood goes to the
Right Atrium to lungs
- Returns to Left atrium as
oxygenated blood
PUMP: Right Ventricle
Pulmonary Circuit
29
Oxygenated blood left ventricle to
arteries to capillaries of the whole
system
- Deoxygenated blood goes back to
the right atrium
PUMP: Left ventricle
Systemic Circuit
30
-Atria & ventricles are relaxed
- Blood flows in
DIASTOLE
31
-Ventricles are contract
- Blood flows out
SYSTOLE
32
-Special cardiocytes
- Autorhythmic fibers
- Self-excitable or myogenic
- Set the heartbeat 60-100 bpm
PACEMAKER CELLS
33
Sinoatrial Node (SA)
Atrioventricular Node (AV)
Bundle of HIS Purkinje Fibers
CARDIAC RHYTHM
34
- Negative inside
- Positive outside
- Flow of K+ in and out of cell is equal
- Maintained by Na-K pump
- 3 Na goes out
- 2 K goes in
RESTING POTENTIAL
35
ACTION POTENTIAL IN SKELETAL
MUSCLES
Duration: 2-3 ms
36
Sodium ions rush inside
Depolarization
37
- Less negative inside
- Less positive outside
Depolarized
38
-Positive inside
- Negative
outside
- Na+ channels
close
- K+ channels
opens
Overshoot
39
- Positive inside
- Negative
outside
- Na+ channels
close
- K+ channels
opens
- K+ ions exit
Repolarization
40
ACTION POTENTIAL OF PACEMAKER
CELLS
Duration: 200-400 ms
41
- Na+ enter
through “funny
channels”
- Influx of Na+
- Inside less
negative,
outside less
positive
Depolarization
42
- Ca+ channel
opens
- Ca+ ions elicit
action potential
- Transmit wave
of excitation
throughout the
heart
- Contraction
takes place
Threshold Level
43
- Positive inside
- Negative
outside
- K+ channels
open
- Ca+ channel
closes
- Exit of K+
- Cardiac
muscles relax
Repolarization
44
1. SA node create an action potential
2. Wave of excitation spread across
the atria
- Atria contract
3. Electrical activity reaches the AV
node
4. Depolarization slowly spreads
across the atria
- Due to AV node
5. Depolarization moves rapidly
through Bundle of HIS and Purkinje fibers
6. Depolarization wave spreads to the
apex
- Ventricles contract
CARDIAC CONDUCTION
45
Records heart electric activity as a
graph
ECG
46
- Atrial
depolarization
- Atrial systole
- 1st wave
P wave
47
Ventricular
depolarization
- Ventricular
systole
- Contraction of
ventricles
ORS complex
48
Ventricular
repolarization
T wave
49
- Between S & T
- Time between
depolarization
and
repolarization
ST segment
50
-Repolarization
of Purkinje fiber
- Not always
visible
U wave
51
- Chambers are
relaxed
- Ventricles fill up
passively
Diastole
52
- Atrial
contraction
- Filling-up of
ventricles are
complete
Atrial
systole
53
AV valve closed
- Atria relaxes
- Ventricular
contraction
happens
- !st heart sound
(LUB)
Isovolumic
ventricular
contraction
54
- Ventricular
pressure rise
- Semilunar
valves (B.V)
open
- Blood is ejected
Ventricular
ejection
55
- Semilunar
valves close
- 2nd heart
sound (DUB)
- Intraventricular
pressure drops
but not enough
to open AV
valves
Isovolumic
ventricular
relaxation
56
1. Diastole
2. Atrial
systole
3. Isovolumic
ventricular
contraction
4. Ventricular
ejection
5. Isovolumic
ventricular
relaxation
CARDIAC CYCLE
57
Period between 2 cardiac
contractions
CARDIAC CYCLE
58
- 60-100 ml/minute
- Amount of blood pumped out by the
LV during systole
STROKE VOLUME (SV)
59
- 60-100 bpm
- Number of heart beat in a minute
HEART RATE
60
- 4-6 liters/minute
- Amount of blood pumped out by the
LV in a minute
CARDIAC OUTPUT (CO)
61
Cardiac Output (CO) =
HR x SV
62
Cardiac output Individual variation:
- Professional athlete
- Gaming geek
- Couch potato
63
Heart exerts
control over it
own pumping
- Based on the
physical
features of the
cardiac
muscles
Intrinsic
Regulation
64
- Description for cardiac hemodynamics as it relates to cardiac muscles stretching and contracting
- SV will increase as left ventricle volume increase due to stretching of cardiac muscle, causing a more forceful systolic contraction
Frank-Starling Law/Relationship
65
External stimuli affects the heart beat
through the autonomic N.S
Extrinsic Regulation
66
Change in the rhythm produced by the SA node:
change in HR
Chronotropic Effect
67
increases heart activity
SNS
68
decreases heart activity
PNS
69
Change in the force or intensity of the cardiac muscle contraction
Inotropic Effect
70
increases
contractility of
myocardium
SNS
71
decreases
contractility of
myocardium
PNS
72
- Reduced
cardiac output
- Most common
heart disease
- Medicated with
blood thinners
- Increase
bleeding
during dental
surgery
- Stress/anxiety
towards dental
procedure
could trigger
chest pain
Ischemic Heart
Disease (IHD)
73
- Cessation of
cardiac
function
- Potentially fatal
- BASIC LIFE
SUPPORT
- BSL training is
important for
all dentists
Cardiac Arrest
74
Bacterial
infection of the
endocardium
- Pathogens
coming from
the oral cavity
- Refer to
physician if
prophylactic
antibiotic is
needed before
a dental
procedure
Bacterial
Endocarditis
75
Abnormal
heart rhythm
(arrhythmia),
atrial
fibrillation,
- tachycardia
(>100 bpm)
- Bradycardia
(<60 bpm)
- Undiagnosed
cardiac
diseases could
lead to cardiac
arrest
Sudden Death
76
- Essential to normal metabolic &
immune system function
- Transports O2 & CO2
- 8% of human weight
- 4-6 liters
BLOOD
77
Fluid
component
- 55% of total
blood
volume
- 90% of
water,
minerals,
gases,
coagulants,
hormones
PLASMA
78
Plasma proteins:
● Albumin -
ensures
osmolarity of
blood
● Globulin -
transport of
substances
● Fibrinogen -
clotting
protein
79
● Albumin -
ensures
osmolarity of
blood
80
● Globulin -
transport of
substances
81
● Fibrinogen -
clotting
protein
82
cells in blood
A. Erythrocytes
B. Leukocytes
C. Thrombocytes
83
- RBC
- Oxygen
transport
Erythrocytes
84
- WBC
- Immune
response
Leukocytes
85
- Platelet
- Blood clotting
Thrombocytes
86
Neutrophils -
bacteria & fungi
Eosinophils -
parasites, allergy
Basophils - cancer
cells & allergies
GRANULOCYTES
87
bacteria & fungi
Neutrophils -
88
parasites, allergy
Eosinophils -
89
cancer
cells & allergies
Basophils -
90
Largest
develop into
Monocyte
91
Engulf
pathogens
Macrophage
92
process
antigen
material and
present it to T
cells
Dendritic cells
93
leukocytes
GRANULOCYTES
AGRANULOCYTES
94
- Mature in the
thymus
- Recognize
MHC
(fragments of
protein antigen
presented by
dendritic cells)
- Interacts
directly with
target cell
Lymphocytes
T cells
95
Destroy
pathogens
through
aptosis
(bursting the
cell wall)
Cytotoxic
“KILLER” T
96
- Release
cytokines
(signal other
WBC)
- Destroyed by
HIV
Helper T
97
- Suppress B &
T cells
- Stop the
immune
process
- Fewer in
number and
slower to
replicate
Regulatory T
98
Make profile of
the pathogen
Memory T
99
Mature in the
bone marrow
-Surface
antigen
receptors
(molecular
patterns)
- Multiply upon
signal of
HELPER T
- Connect to
pathogen and
differentiate
into:
a. Plasma cells
- makes
antibodies
(proteins bind
to pathogens
and trigger
complement
cascade)
b. Unactivated
B cells
- Circulate
B- cells
100
- makes
antibodies
(proteins bind
to pathogens
and trigger
complement
cascade)
Plasma cells
101
Circulate
Unactivated
B cells
102
- Born with it
- Protects from
tumors and
infected cells
- Activated by
cytokines
- Release toxic
granules to
destroy altered
cells
Natural Killer Cells
(NK)
103
Agranulocytes
Monocyte
Lymphocytes
B- cells
Natural Killer Cells
(NK)
104
T cells
A. Cytotoxic
“KILLER” T
B. Helper T
C. Regulatory T
D. Memory T
105
B- cells
a. Plasma cells
b. Unactivated
B cells
106
HSC
- Primitive cell that develops into
blood cells
HEMATOPOIETIC STEM CELLS
107
- Reduced RBC
- Cardiorespirato
ry symptoms
- High risk of oral
candidiasis
- Delayed wound
healing
- General
anesthesia is
contraindicated
Anemia
108
- Increased RBC
- High hematocrit
and hemoglobin
concentration
- Increased risk
of thrombosis
- Ischemic heart
disease and
stroke
Polycythaemia
109
- Increased WBC
- Sign of infection
Leukocytosis
110
- Increased
neutrophils
- Presence of
bacterial
infection
Neutrophilia
111
- Increased
eosinophils
- Presence of
parasitic
infection or
allergy
Eosinophilia
112
- Increased
lymphocytes
- Presence of
viral or protozoal
infection
Lymphocytosis
113
- Decreased
WBC
Leukopenia
114
- Decreased
neutrophils
- HIV or
Tuberculosis
Neutropenia
115
- Decreased
lymphocytes
- HIV,
tuberculosis,
rheumatoid,
arthritis
Lymphopenia
