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RT18-RADIO > Cardiovascular System > Flashcards

Cardiovascular System Flashcards

1
Q

it means heart

A

cardio

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2
Q

it means blood vessels

A

vascular

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3
Q

is a closed system of the heart & blood vessels

A

Cardiovascular System

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4
Q

its function is to deliver oxygen and nutrients, and to remove carbon dioxide & other waste products

A

Cardiovascular System

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5
Q

incorrect placement of an organ

A

Situs Inversus

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6
Q

All organs are inverted

A

Situs Inversus Totalis

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7
Q

where is the location of the heart

A

-thorax between lungs (behind the sternum)
-pointed apex directed towards the left hip

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8
Q

what is the size of the heart

A

about the size of our fist

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9
Q

known as the natural pacemaker of the heart

A

sinoatrial node

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10
Q

double serous membrane covering of the heart

A

pericardium

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11
Q

it means “covering”

A

peri

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12
Q

inner covering; next to the heart

A

visceral pericardium

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13
Q

the outside layer of the heart (next to the visceral pericardium)

A

parietal pericardium

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14
Q

fluid that fills the spaces between the layers of pericardium

A

serous fluid

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15
Q

what are the 3 walls of the heart

A
  1. epicardium
  2. myocardium
  3. endocardium
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16
Q

it means “outside”

A

epi

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17
Q

outside layer of the heart; parietal to pericardium; a connective tissue layer

A

epicardium

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18
Q

it means “muscle”

A

myo

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19
Q

the middle layer of the heart; mostly cardiac muscle

A

myocardium

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20
Q

it means “inner”

A

endo

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21
Q

the inner layer of the heart; a thin layer that lines the inside of the heart & blood vessels

A

endocardium

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22
Q

tissue death; or necrosis of the heart

A

myocardial infraction

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23
Q

also known as stroke

A

cerebro vascular accident

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24
Q

what are the four chambers of the heart

A
  1. right atrium
  2. left atrium
  3. right ventricle
  4. left ventricle
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25
Q

known as the receiving chamber of the heart

A

atria

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26
Q

known as the discharging chamber of the heart

A

vetricles

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27
Q

it is the pumping chambers of the heart

A

left & right ventricles

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28
Q

it receives deoxygenated blood

A

right atrium

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29
Q

it receives oxygenated blood

A

left atrium

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29
Q

it receives oxygenated blood

A

left atrium

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29
Q

it receives oxygenated blood

A

left atrium

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29
Q

pumps the blood to the lungs (only)

A

right ventricle

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30
Q

pumps the blood to the whole body

A

left ventricle

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31
Q

tiny branches of air tubes in the lungs

A

alveolar sacs

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32
Q

allows blood to flow in 1 direction; prevents backflow of the blood

A

valves

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33
Q

what are the 4 valves of the heart

A
  1. bicuspid valve
  2. tricuspid valve
  3. pulmonary semilunar valve
  4. aortic semilunar valve
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33
Q

what are the 4 valves of the heart

A
  1. bicuspid valve
  2. tricuspid valve
  3. pulmonary semilunar valve
  4. aortic semilunar valve
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34
Q

a valve between atria and ventricles

A

atrioventricular valve

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35
Q

a valve that divides the right atrium and left ventricle; also known as left atrioventricular valve

A

bicuspid valve (left)

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36
Q

main valve delivering blood to the body; controls the flow of blood from the ,left ventricle to aorta

A

bicuspid valve

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36
Q

main valve delivering blood to the body; controls the flow of blood from the ,left ventricle to aorta

A

bicuspid valve

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37
Q

main valve delivering blood to the body; controls the flow of blood from the ,left ventricle to aorta

A

bicuspid valve

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38
Q

valve between ventricle and artery

A

semilunar valves

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39
Q

permit blood to be forced into the arteries, but prevent backflow from the arteries into the ventricles

A

semilunar valves

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40
Q

allows blood to exit the right ventricle (RV). It opens during systole and closes during diastole

A

pulmonary semilunar valve

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41
Q

allow blood to be pumped forward into the arteries, but prevent backflow of blood from the arteries into the ventricles

A

aortic semilunar valve

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42
Q

it opens as blood is pumped through

A

valves

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43
Q

it is where the valves are held in place; also known as “heart strings”

A

chordae tendineae

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44
Q

it closes to prevent backflow

A

valves

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45
Q

is the main artery that carries blood away from your heart to the rest of your body; leaves left ventricl

A

aorta

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46
Q

A large vein that carries blood to the heart from other areas of the body; enters right atrium

A

vena cava

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47
Q

what are the great vessels of the heart

A
  1. aorta
  2. pulmonary arteries
  3. vena cava
  4. pulmonary veins
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48
Q

are blood vessels that carry oxygen-poor blood from the right side of your heart to your lungs; enters left atrium

A

pulmonary veins (4)

49
Q

it divides atria and ventricle

A

atrioventricular groove

50
Q

major vein in the upper body

A

superior vena cava

51
Q

leaves left ventricles

A

aorta

52
Q

leave right ventricle

A

pulmonary arteries

53
Q

enters right atrium

A

vena cava

54
Q

enter left atrium

A

pulmonary veins

55
Q

T/F: blood in the blood chambers does not nourish the myocardium

A

TRUE

56
Q

own nourishing circulatory system of the heart

A
  1. coronary artery
  2. cardiac veins
57
Q

blood empties into the right atrium via the ______

A

coronary sinus

58
Q

heart muscle cells contract, without nerve impulses, in a regular, continuous way

A

Intrinsic Conduction System (nodal system)

59
Q

what are the special tissues that sets the pace of the heart?

A
  1. sinoatrial node
  2. atrioventricular node
    3.atrioventricular bundle
  3. bundle branches
  4. Purkinje fibers
60
Q

the natural pacemaker of the heart

A

sinoatrial node

61
Q

electric impulse from atria to the ventricles

A

atrioventricular node

62
Q

a bundle of specialized muscle fibers regulating the heartbeat by conducting impulses from right atrium to ventricles

A

atrioventricular bundle

63
Q

the pathway of electrical impulses

A

bundle branches

64
Q

electrical conduction and propagation of impulses to ventricular muscle

A

Purkinje Fibers

65
Q

____ is initiated by the sinoatrial node

A

contraction

66
Q

sequential stimulation occurs at other _____

A

autorhythmic cells

67
Q

_____ contracts simultaneously

A

atria

68
Q

____ relax, then ____ contracts

A

atria, ventricle

69
Q

____= contraction

A

systole

70
Q

____=relaxation

A

diastole

71
Q

events of one complete heart beat

A

cardiac cycle

72
Q

blood flows into ventricles

A

mid-to-late diastole

73
Q

blood pressure builds before ventricle contracts, pushing out blood

A

ventricular systole

74
Q

atria re-filling, ventricular pressure is low

A

early diastole

75
Q

the amount of blood pumped by each side of the heart in one minute

A

cardiac output

76
Q

what is the formula for cardiac output

A

CO= HR x SV

77
Q

the volume of blood pumped by each ventricle in one contraction

A

stroke volume

78
Q

the regulation of the heart are:

A
  1. stroke volume usually remains constant
  2. changing heart rate is the most common way to change cardiac output
  3. increased heart rate
  4. exercise
  5. decreased blood volume
  6. decreased heart rate
79
Q

a law that states: the more that the cardiac muscle is stretched, the stronger the contraction

A

starling’s law of the heart

80
Q

sympathetic nervous system includes:

A
  1. crisis
  2. low blood volume
81
Q

hormones for heart regulation include:

A
  1. epinephrine
  2. thyroxine
82
Q

hormone for adrenaline

A

epinephrine

83
Q

hormone that thyroid gland secrete

A

thyroxine

84
Q

decreased heart rate are influenced by:

A
  1. parasympathetic nervous system
  2. high blood pressure or blood volume
  3. decrease venous return
85
Q

taking blood to the tissue and back

A

vascular system

86
Q

the blood vessels include:

A
  1. arteries
  2. arterioles
  3. capillaries
  4. venules
  5. veins
87
Q

walls of ___ are the thickest

A

arteries

88
Q

Lumens of ____ are larger

A

veins

89
Q

_____ milks blood in veins toward the heart

A

skeletal muscle

90
Q

wall of _____ are only ____ layer thick to allow for exchanges between blood and tissue

A

capillaries, one cell

91
Q

three layers (tunic) of blood vessels

A
  1. tunic intima
  2. tunic media
  3. tunic externa
92
Q

endothelium of blood vessels

A

tunic intima

93
Q

a layer of blood vessel that is smooth muscle, controlled by the sympathetic nervous system

A

tunic media

94
Q

a layer of the blood vessel that is mostly fibrous connective tissue

A

tunic externa

95
Q

movement of blood through vessels:

A
  1. most arterial blood is pumped by the heart
  2. veins use the milking action of muscles to help move blood
96
Q

2 types of capillary beds

A
  1. vascular shunt
  2. true capillaries
97
Q

it directly connects arteriole to venules

A

vascular shunt

98
Q

exchange vessels

A

true capillaries

99
Q

where oxygen and nutrients cross

A

cells

100
Q

where carbon dioxide and metabolic waste products cross

A

blood

101
Q

pressure wave of the blood

A

pulse pressure

102
Q

where pulse is easily palpated

A

pressure points

103
Q

measurement by health professionals are made on the pressure in large arteries

A

blood pressure

104
Q

a pressure at the peak of ventricular contraction

A

systolic

105
Q

pressure when ventricles relax

A

diastolic

106
Q

T/F: pressure in blood vessels decreases as the distance away from the heart increases

A

true

107
Q

blood pressure: effects of factors

A
  1. neutral factors
  2. renal factors
  3. temperature
  4. chemicals
  5. diet
108
Q

autonomic nervous system adjustments (sympathetic division)

A

neutral factors

109
Q

renal factors are:

A
  1. regulation by altering blood volume
  2. renin- hormonal control
110
Q

has vasodilation (widening) effect

A

heat

111
Q

has a vasoconstriction (tightening) effect

A

cold

112
Q

factors which various substances can cause increases or decreases

A

chemical

113
Q

human normal range: blood pressure

A

140-110 mm Hg systolic; 80-75 mm Hg diastolic

114
Q

hypotension blood pressure range

A

low systolic (below 110 mm Hg)
-often associated with illness

115
Q

hypertension blood pressure range

A

high systolic (above 140 mm Hg)
- can be dangerous if it is chronic

116
Q

substances exchanged due to concentration gradients

A

capillary exchange

117
Q

___ and ___ leave the blood

A

oxygen and nutrients

118
Q

___ and ___ and other wastes leave the cells

A

carbon dioxide and other wastes

119
Q

capillary exchange: mechanism

A
  1. direct diffusion across the plasma
  2. endocytosis and exocytosis
  3. some capillaries have gaps
  4. fenestrations of some capillaries
120
Q

capillary gaps

A

intercellular cleft

121
Q

= pores

A

fenestrations

122
Q

T/F: plasma membrane not joined by tight junction

A

true

123
Q

a simple tube heart develops in what stage?

A

embryo, pumps by the fourth week

124
Q

a time when heart becomes a four-chambered organ

A

end of seven weeks

125
Q

few structural changes occurs at what stage?

A

after seventh. week

RT18-RADIO (2 decks)

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