Cardiovascular System Flashcards
it means heart
cardio
it means blood vessels
vascular
is a closed system of the heart & blood vessels
Cardiovascular System
its function is to deliver oxygen and nutrients, and to remove carbon dioxide & other waste products
Cardiovascular System
incorrect placement of an organ
Situs Inversus
All organs are inverted
Situs Inversus Totalis
where is the location of the heart
-thorax between lungs (behind the sternum)
-pointed apex directed towards the left hip
what is the size of the heart
about the size of our fist
known as the natural pacemaker of the heart
sinoatrial node
double serous membrane covering of the heart
pericardium
it means “covering”
peri
inner covering; next to the heart
visceral pericardium
the outside layer of the heart (next to the visceral pericardium)
parietal pericardium
fluid that fills the spaces between the layers of pericardium
serous fluid
what are the 3 walls of the heart
- epicardium
- myocardium
- endocardium
it means “outside”
epi
outside layer of the heart; parietal to pericardium; a connective tissue layer
epicardium
it means “muscle”
myo
the middle layer of the heart; mostly cardiac muscle
myocardium
it means “inner”
endo
the inner layer of the heart; a thin layer that lines the inside of the heart & blood vessels
endocardium
tissue death; or necrosis of the heart
myocardial infraction
also known as stroke
cerebro vascular accident
what are the four chambers of the heart
- right atrium
- left atrium
- right ventricle
- left ventricle
known as the receiving chamber of the heart
atria
known as the discharging chamber of the heart
vetricles
it is the pumping chambers of the heart
left & right ventricles
it receives deoxygenated blood
right atrium
it receives oxygenated blood
left atrium
it receives oxygenated blood
left atrium
it receives oxygenated blood
left atrium
pumps the blood to the lungs (only)
right ventricle
pumps the blood to the whole body
left ventricle
tiny branches of air tubes in the lungs
alveolar sacs
allows blood to flow in 1 direction; prevents backflow of the blood
valves
what are the 4 valves of the heart
- bicuspid valve
- tricuspid valve
- pulmonary semilunar valve
- aortic semilunar valve
what are the 4 valves of the heart
- bicuspid valve
- tricuspid valve
- pulmonary semilunar valve
- aortic semilunar valve
a valve between atria and ventricles
atrioventricular valve
a valve that divides the right atrium and left ventricle; also known as left atrioventricular valve
bicuspid valve (left)
main valve delivering blood to the body; controls the flow of blood from the ,left ventricle to aorta
bicuspid valve
main valve delivering blood to the body; controls the flow of blood from the ,left ventricle to aorta
bicuspid valve
main valve delivering blood to the body; controls the flow of blood from the ,left ventricle to aorta
bicuspid valve
valve between ventricle and artery
semilunar valves
permit blood to be forced into the arteries, but prevent backflow from the arteries into the ventricles
semilunar valves
allows blood to exit the right ventricle (RV). It opens during systole and closes during diastole
pulmonary semilunar valve
allow blood to be pumped forward into the arteries, but prevent backflow of blood from the arteries into the ventricles
aortic semilunar valve
it opens as blood is pumped through
valves
it is where the valves are held in place; also known as “heart strings”
chordae tendineae
it closes to prevent backflow
valves
is the main artery that carries blood away from your heart to the rest of your body; leaves left ventricl
aorta
A large vein that carries blood to the heart from other areas of the body; enters right atrium
vena cava
what are the great vessels of the heart
- aorta
- pulmonary arteries
- vena cava
- pulmonary veins
are blood vessels that carry oxygen-poor blood from the right side of your heart to your lungs; enters left atrium
pulmonary veins (4)
it divides atria and ventricle
atrioventricular groove
major vein in the upper body
superior vena cava
leaves left ventricles
aorta
leave right ventricle
pulmonary arteries
enters right atrium
vena cava
enter left atrium
pulmonary veins
T/F: blood in the blood chambers does not nourish the myocardium
TRUE
own nourishing circulatory system of the heart
- coronary artery
- cardiac veins
blood empties into the right atrium via the ______
coronary sinus
heart muscle cells contract, without nerve impulses, in a regular, continuous way
Intrinsic Conduction System (nodal system)
what are the special tissues that sets the pace of the heart?
- sinoatrial node
- atrioventricular node
3.atrioventricular bundle - bundle branches
- Purkinje fibers
the natural pacemaker of the heart
sinoatrial node
electric impulse from atria to the ventricles
atrioventricular node
a bundle of specialized muscle fibers regulating the heartbeat by conducting impulses from right atrium to ventricles
atrioventricular bundle
the pathway of electrical impulses
bundle branches
electrical conduction and propagation of impulses to ventricular muscle
Purkinje Fibers
____ is initiated by the sinoatrial node
contraction
sequential stimulation occurs at other _____
autorhythmic cells
_____ contracts simultaneously
atria
____ relax, then ____ contracts
atria, ventricle
____= contraction
systole
____=relaxation
diastole
events of one complete heart beat
cardiac cycle
blood flows into ventricles
mid-to-late diastole
blood pressure builds before ventricle contracts, pushing out blood
ventricular systole
atria re-filling, ventricular pressure is low
early diastole
the amount of blood pumped by each side of the heart in one minute
cardiac output
what is the formula for cardiac output
CO= HR x SV
the volume of blood pumped by each ventricle in one contraction
stroke volume
the regulation of the heart are:
- stroke volume usually remains constant
- changing heart rate is the most common way to change cardiac output
- increased heart rate
- exercise
- decreased blood volume
- decreased heart rate
a law that states: the more that the cardiac muscle is stretched, the stronger the contraction
starling’s law of the heart
sympathetic nervous system includes:
- crisis
- low blood volume
hormones for heart regulation include:
- epinephrine
- thyroxine
hormone for adrenaline
epinephrine
hormone that thyroid gland secrete
thyroxine
decreased heart rate are influenced by:
- parasympathetic nervous system
- high blood pressure or blood volume
- decrease venous return
taking blood to the tissue and back
vascular system
the blood vessels include:
- arteries
- arterioles
- capillaries
- venules
- veins
walls of ___ are the thickest
arteries
Lumens of ____ are larger
veins
_____ milks blood in veins toward the heart
skeletal muscle
wall of _____ are only ____ layer thick to allow for exchanges between blood and tissue
capillaries, one cell
three layers (tunic) of blood vessels
- tunic intima
- tunic media
- tunic externa
endothelium of blood vessels
tunic intima
a layer of blood vessel that is smooth muscle, controlled by the sympathetic nervous system
tunic media
a layer of the blood vessel that is mostly fibrous connective tissue
tunic externa
movement of blood through vessels:
- most arterial blood is pumped by the heart
- veins use the milking action of muscles to help move blood
2 types of capillary beds
- vascular shunt
- true capillaries
it directly connects arteriole to venules
vascular shunt
exchange vessels
true capillaries
where oxygen and nutrients cross
cells
where carbon dioxide and metabolic waste products cross
blood
pressure wave of the blood
pulse pressure
where pulse is easily palpated
pressure points
measurement by health professionals are made on the pressure in large arteries
blood pressure
a pressure at the peak of ventricular contraction
systolic
pressure when ventricles relax
diastolic
T/F: pressure in blood vessels decreases as the distance away from the heart increases
true
blood pressure: effects of factors
- neutral factors
- renal factors
- temperature
- chemicals
- diet
autonomic nervous system adjustments (sympathetic division)
neutral factors
renal factors are:
- regulation by altering blood volume
- renin- hormonal control
has vasodilation (widening) effect
heat
has a vasoconstriction (tightening) effect
cold
factors which various substances can cause increases or decreases
chemical
human normal range: blood pressure
140-110 mm Hg systolic; 80-75 mm Hg diastolic
hypotension blood pressure range
low systolic (below 110 mm Hg)
-often associated with illness
hypertension blood pressure range
high systolic (above 140 mm Hg)
- can be dangerous if it is chronic
substances exchanged due to concentration gradients
capillary exchange
___ and ___ leave the blood
oxygen and nutrients
___ and ___ and other wastes leave the cells
carbon dioxide and other wastes
capillary exchange: mechanism
- direct diffusion across the plasma
- endocytosis and exocytosis
- some capillaries have gaps
- fenestrations of some capillaries
capillary gaps
intercellular cleft
= pores
fenestrations
T/F: plasma membrane not joined by tight junction
true
a simple tube heart develops in what stage?
embryo, pumps by the fourth week
a time when heart becomes a four-chambered organ
end of seven weeks
few structural changes occurs at what stage?
after seventh. week
