Cardiovascular System Flashcards
1
Q
it means heart
A
cardio
2
Q
it means blood vessels
A
vascular
3
Q
is a closed system of the heart & blood vessels
A
Cardiovascular System
4
Q
its function is to deliver oxygen and nutrients, and to remove carbon dioxide & other waste products
A
Cardiovascular System
5
Q
incorrect placement of an organ
A
Situs Inversus
6
Q
All organs are inverted
A
Situs Inversus Totalis
7
Q
where is the location of the heart
A
-thorax between lungs (behind the sternum)
-pointed apex directed towards the left hip
8
Q
what is the size of the heart
A
about the size of our fist
9
Q
known as the natural pacemaker of the heart
A
sinoatrial node
10
Q
double serous membrane covering of the heart
A
pericardium
11
Q
it means “covering”
A
peri
12
Q
inner covering; next to the heart
A
visceral pericardium
13
Q
the outside layer of the heart (next to the visceral pericardium)
A
parietal pericardium
14
Q
fluid that fills the spaces between the layers of pericardium
A
serous fluid
15
Q
what are the 3 walls of the heart
A
- epicardium
- myocardium
- endocardium
16
Q
it means “outside”
A
epi
17
Q
outside layer of the heart; parietal to pericardium; a connective tissue layer
A
epicardium
18
Q
it means “muscle”
A
myo
19
Q
the middle layer of the heart; mostly cardiac muscle
A
myocardium
20
Q
it means “inner”
A
endo
21
Q
the inner layer of the heart; a thin layer that lines the inside of the heart & blood vessels
A
endocardium
22
Q
tissue death; or necrosis of the heart
A
myocardial infraction
23
Q
also known as stroke
A
cerebro vascular accident
24
Q
what are the four chambers of the heart
A
- right atrium
- left atrium
- right ventricle
- left ventricle
25
known as the receiving chamber of the heart
atria
26
known as the discharging chamber of the heart
vetricles
27
it is the pumping chambers of the heart
left & right ventricles
28
it receives deoxygenated blood
right atrium
29
it receives oxygenated blood
left atrium
29
it receives oxygenated blood
left atrium
29
it receives oxygenated blood
left atrium
29
pumps the blood to the lungs (only)
right ventricle
30
pumps the blood to the whole body
left ventricle
31
tiny branches of air tubes in the lungs
alveolar sacs
32
allows blood to flow in 1 direction; prevents backflow of the blood
valves
33
what are the 4 valves of the heart
1. bicuspid valve
2. tricuspid valve
3. pulmonary semilunar valve
4. aortic semilunar valve
33
what are the 4 valves of the heart
1. bicuspid valve
2. tricuspid valve
3. pulmonary semilunar valve
4. aortic semilunar valve
34
a valve between atria and ventricles
atrioventricular valve
35
a valve that divides the right atrium and left ventricle; also known as left atrioventricular valve
bicuspid valve (left)
36
main valve delivering blood to the body; controls the flow of blood from the ,left ventricle to aorta
bicuspid valve
36
main valve delivering blood to the body; controls the flow of blood from the ,left ventricle to aorta
bicuspid valve
37
main valve delivering blood to the body; controls the flow of blood from the ,left ventricle to aorta
bicuspid valve
38
valve between ventricle and artery
semilunar valves
39
permit blood to be forced into the arteries, but prevent backflow from the arteries into the ventricles
semilunar valves
40
allows blood to exit the right ventricle (RV). It opens during systole and closes during diastole
pulmonary semilunar valve
41
allow blood to be pumped forward into the arteries, but prevent backflow of blood from the arteries into the ventricles
aortic semilunar valve
42
it opens as blood is pumped through
valves
43
it is where the valves are held in place; also known as "heart strings"
chordae tendineae
44
it closes to prevent backflow
valves
45
is the main artery that carries blood away from your heart to the rest of your body; leaves left ventricl
aorta
46
A large vein that carries blood to the heart from other areas of the body; enters right atrium
vena cava
47
what are the great vessels of the heart
1. aorta
2. pulmonary arteries
3. vena cava
4. pulmonary veins
48
are blood vessels that carry oxygen-poor blood from the right side of your heart to your lungs; enters left atrium
pulmonary veins (4)
49
it divides atria and ventricle
atrioventricular groove
50
major vein in the upper body
superior vena cava
51
leaves left ventricles
aorta
52
leave right ventricle
pulmonary arteries
53
enters right atrium
vena cava
54
enter left atrium
pulmonary veins
55
T/F: blood in the blood chambers does not nourish the myocardium
TRUE
56
own nourishing circulatory system of the heart
1. coronary artery
2. cardiac veins
57
blood empties into the right atrium via the ______
coronary sinus
58
heart muscle cells contract, without nerve impulses, in a regular, continuous way
Intrinsic Conduction System (nodal system)
59
what are the special tissues that sets the pace of the heart?
1. sinoatrial node
2. atrioventricular node
3.atrioventricular bundle
4. bundle branches
5. Purkinje fibers
60
the natural pacemaker of the heart
sinoatrial node
61
electric impulse from atria to the ventricles
atrioventricular node
62
a bundle of specialized muscle fibers regulating the heartbeat by conducting impulses from right atrium to ventricles
atrioventricular bundle
63
the pathway of electrical impulses
bundle branches
64
electrical conduction and propagation of impulses to ventricular muscle
Purkinje Fibers
65
____ is initiated by the sinoatrial node
contraction
66
sequential stimulation occurs at other _____
autorhythmic cells
67
_____ contracts simultaneously
atria
68
____ relax, then ____ contracts
atria, ventricle
69
____= contraction
systole
70
____=relaxation
diastole
71
events of one complete heart beat
cardiac cycle
72
blood flows into ventricles
mid-to-late diastole
73
blood pressure builds before ventricle contracts, pushing out blood
ventricular systole
74
atria re-filling, ventricular pressure is low
early diastole
75
the amount of blood pumped by each side of the heart in one minute
cardiac output
76
what is the formula for cardiac output
CO= HR x SV
77
the volume of blood pumped by each ventricle in one contraction
stroke volume
78
the regulation of the heart are:
1. stroke volume usually remains constant
2. changing heart rate is the most common way to change cardiac output
3. increased heart rate
4. exercise
5. decreased blood volume
6. decreased heart rate
79
a law that states: the more that the cardiac muscle is stretched, the stronger the contraction
starling's law of the heart
80
sympathetic nervous system includes:
1. crisis
2. low blood volume
81
hormones for heart regulation include:
1. epinephrine
2. thyroxine
82
hormone for adrenaline
epinephrine
83
hormone that thyroid gland secrete
thyroxine
84
decreased heart rate are influenced by:
1. parasympathetic nervous system
2. high blood pressure or blood volume
3. decrease venous return
85
taking blood to the tissue and back
vascular system
86
the blood vessels include:
1. arteries
2. arterioles
3. capillaries
4. venules
5. veins
87
walls of ___ are the thickest
arteries
88
Lumens of ____ are larger
veins
89
_____ milks blood in veins toward the heart
skeletal muscle
90
wall of _____ are only ____ layer thick to allow for exchanges between blood and tissue
capillaries, one cell
91
three layers (tunic) of blood vessels
1. tunic intima
2. tunic media
3. tunic externa
92
endothelium of blood vessels
tunic intima
93
a layer of blood vessel that is smooth muscle, controlled by the sympathetic nervous system
tunic media
94
a layer of the blood vessel that is mostly fibrous connective tissue
tunic externa
95
movement of blood through vessels:
1. most arterial blood is pumped by the heart
2. veins use the milking action of muscles to help move blood
96
2 types of capillary beds
1. vascular shunt
2. true capillaries
97
it directly connects arteriole to venules
vascular shunt
98
exchange vessels
true capillaries
99
where oxygen and nutrients cross
cells
100
where carbon dioxide and metabolic waste products cross
blood
101
pressure wave of the blood
pulse pressure
102
where pulse is easily palpated
pressure points
103
measurement by health professionals are made on the pressure in large arteries
blood pressure
104
a pressure at the peak of ventricular contraction
systolic
105
pressure when ventricles relax
diastolic
106
T/F: pressure in blood vessels decreases as the distance away from the heart increases
true
107
blood pressure: effects of factors
1. neutral factors
2. renal factors
3. temperature
4. chemicals
5. diet
108
autonomic nervous system adjustments (sympathetic division)
neutral factors
109
renal factors are:
1. regulation by altering blood volume
2. renin- hormonal control
110
has vasodilation (widening) effect
heat
111
has a vasoconstriction (tightening) effect
cold
112
factors which various substances can cause increases or decreases
chemical
113
human normal range: blood pressure
140-110 mm Hg systolic; 80-75 mm Hg diastolic
114
hypotension blood pressure range
low systolic (below 110 mm Hg)
-often associated with illness
115
hypertension blood pressure range
high systolic (above 140 mm Hg)
- can be dangerous if it is chronic
116
substances exchanged due to concentration gradients
capillary exchange
117
___ and ___ leave the blood
oxygen and nutrients
118
___ and ___ and other wastes leave the cells
carbon dioxide and other wastes
119
capillary exchange: mechanism
1. direct diffusion across the plasma
2. endocytosis and exocytosis
3. some capillaries have gaps
4. fenestrations of some capillaries
120
capillary gaps
intercellular cleft
121
= pores
fenestrations
122
T/F: plasma membrane not joined by tight junction
true
123
a simple tube heart develops in what stage?
embryo, pumps by the fourth week
124
a time when heart becomes a four-chambered organ
end of seven weeks
125
few structural changes occurs at what stage?
after seventh. week
