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Anatomy And Physiology > Cardiovascular System > Flashcards

Cardiovascular System Flashcards

1
Q

Form of osmotic pressure induced by the proteins.

A

Oncotic pressure

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2
Q

Normal blood pH

A

7.35-7.45 slightly alkaline

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3
Q

Type of connective tissue that consists of a liquid matrix containing cells and cell fragments.

A

Blood

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4
Q

Determines the color of the blood

A

O2 or oxygen content

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5
Q

Liquid matrix

A

Plasma

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6
Q

Cell fragments

A

Formed elements

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7
Q

Blood volume of average adult female

A

4-5 L

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8
Q

Blood volume of average adult male

A

5-6 L

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9
Q

Major transport system of the body
Regulates blood supply

A

Cardiovascular System

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10
Q

Normal Blood Pressure

A

120/80

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11
Q

Location of the heart

A

Between lungs in the thoracic cavity - mediastinum

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12
Q

Size of the heart

A

<1lb, size of a fist

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13
Q

Heart Orientation

A

Apex is deviated towards the left side

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14
Q

Apex

A

Bottom of the heart

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15
Q

Heart Coverings

A

Pericardium (Parietal & Visceral), Pericardial Cavity

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16
Q

Double-layered sac that anchors and protects the heart.

A

Pericardium

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17
Q

Types of Pericardium

A

Fibrous Pericardium and Serous Pericardium

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18
Q

Types of Serous Pericardium

A

Parietal & Visceral Pericardium

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19
Q

Membrane around heart’s cavity.

A

Parietal Pericardium

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20
Q

Membrane on heart’s surface.

A

Visceral Pericardium

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21
Q

Space around heart, filled with pericardial fluid

A

Pericardial Cavity

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22
Q

Sequence of Heart Coverings

A

Fibrous Pericardium → Parietal Pericardium → Pericardial Cavity → Visceral Pericardium

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23
Q

Heart Layers

A

Epicardium, Myocardium, Endocardium

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24
Q

Outside surface of the heart

A

Epicardium

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25
Q

Thick, middle layer composed of cardiac muscle.

A

Myocardium

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26
Q

Smooth, inner surface of the heart.

A

Endocardium

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27
Q

Involuntary Muscle

A

Cardiac Muscle

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28
Q

Muscle with 1 central located nucleus

A

Cardiac Muscle

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29
Q

Braching cells muscles

A

Cardiac Muscle

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30
Q

Muscle rich in Mitochodria

A

Cardiac Muscle

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31
Q

Type of striated muscle (w/ actin and myosin)

A

Cardiac Muscle

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32
Q

Used for cardiac muscle contractions

A

Ca2+ and ATP

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33
Q

Disk that connects cells of cardiac muscle

A

Intercalated disks

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34
Q

4 Chambers

A
  • Right Atrium (RA)
  • Right Ventricle (RV)
  • Left Atrium (LA)
  • Left Ventricle (LV)
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35
Q

Separates atria from ventricles.

A

Coronary Sulcus

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36
Q

Upper Portion Chamber

A

Atria

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37
Q

Holding Chambers

A

Atria

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38
Q

Small & thin walled chamber

A

Atria

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39
Q

Chamber for primary pump

A

Atria

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40
Q

Chambers that contract minimally to push blood into ventricles

A

Atria

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41
Q

Separates right and left atria

A

Interatrial Septum

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42
Q

Lower portion chamber

A

Ventricles

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43
Q

Pumping chambers

A

Ventricles

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44
Q

Chambers responsible for power pump

A

Ventricles

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45
Q

Thick, strong walled chamber

A

Ventricles

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46
Q

Chambers that contract forcefully to propel blood out of heart.

A

Ventricles

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47
Q

Separates right and left ventricles.

A

Interventricular Septum

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48
Q

Valves between atrium and ventricles

A

Atrioventricular Valves (AV)

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49
Q

Types of AV Valves

A

Tricuspid Valve and Bicuspid (Mitral) Valve

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50
Q

The minimal contraction of the atrium so that the rest 30% of blood in the atrium flows to the ventricle

A

Atrial Kick

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51
Q

Ventricles Stretching =

A

Contraction Response

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52
Q

Flow of the blood from heart to the body.

A

Systemic Circulation

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53
Q

Flow of blood from heart to lungs and vice versa.

A

Pulmonary Circulation

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54
Q

Arteries in the body that carries unoxygenated blood to the lungs

A

Pulmonary Arteries

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55
Q

Veins in the body that carries oxygenated blood to the heart.

A

Pulmonary Veins

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56
Q

Blood Vessels that exchanged functions of carrying oxygenated and unoxygenated blood

A

Pulmonary Arteries and Veins
Umbilical Arteries and Veins

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57
Q

Biggest veins in the human body.

A

Superior & Inferior Vena Cava

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58
Q

Biggest artery in the human body

A

Aorta

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59
Q

Largest Blood Vessels

A

Vena Cava (S&I) and Aorta

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60
Q

When blood flows from LA into LV

A

When bicuspid valve is open

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61
Q

When blood flows from RA into RV

A

When tricuspid valve is open

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62
Q

When Aortic Semilunar Valve is closed

A

When bicuspid valve is open

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63
Q

When Pulmonary Semilunar Valve is closed

A

When tricuspid valve is open

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64
Q

When tension on chordae tendineae is low. (left)

A

When bicuspid valve is open

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65
Q

When tension on chordae tendineae is low. (right)

A

When tricuspid valve is open

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66
Q

When blood flows from LV into Aorta

A

When bicuspid valve is closed

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67
Q

When blood flows from RV into Pulmonary Trunk

A

When tricuspid valve is closed

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68
Q

When Aortic Semilunar Valve is open.

A

When bicuspid valve is closed

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69
Q

When Pulmonary Semilunar Valve is open.

A

When tricuspid valve is closed

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70
Q

When tension on chordae tendineae is high. (left)

A

When bicuspid valve is closed

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71
Q

When tension on chordae tendineae is high. (right)

A

When tricuspid valve is closed

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72
Q

blood flow within the heart wall.

A

Coronary Circulation

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73
Q

BV that Supply blood to heart wall

A

Coronary Arteries

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74
Q

BV that Originate from base of aorta (above aortic semilunar valve)

A

Coronary Arteries

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75
Q

Coronary Artery that Supply blood to anterior heart wall and left ventricle.

A

Left Coronary Artery

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76
Q

Coronary Artery that Has 3 branches

A

Left Coronary Artery

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77
Q

Coronary Artery that Originates on the right side of the aorta

A

Right Coronary Artery

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78
Q

Coronary Artery that Supply blood to right ventricle

A

Right Coronary Artery

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79
Q

Artery that surrounds the left side of the heart.

A

Circumflex Artery

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80
Q

where the deoxygenated blood of the
heart wall enters the right atrium.

A

Coronary Sinus

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81
Q

Changes in membrane channels’ permeability are
responsible for producing action potentials

A

pacemaker potential

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82
Q

Na+ channels and Ca2+ channels open

A

DEPOLARIZATION PHASE (CONTRACTION)

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83
Q

PISO

A

Potassium in, Sodium out

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84
Q
  • Na+ channels close
  • Some K+ channels open
  • Ca2+ channels remain open
A

PLATEAU PHASE

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85
Q

This phase prolongs action potential by keeping Ca2+
channels open.

A

PLATEAU PHASE

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86
Q
  • Na+ channels close
  • K+ channels open
  • Ca2+ channels close
A

REPOLARIZATION PHASE

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87
Q

The Contraction of atria and ventricles is caused by

A

cardiac muscle cells.

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88
Q

Where action potential originates

A

Sinoatrial node (SA node)

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89
Q

Node with Large number of Ca2+ channels

A

Sinoatrial node (SA node)

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90
Q

Location of SA Node

A

RA – right atrium

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91
Q

Normal Heart Rate

A

60-100 bpm

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92
Q

Record of electrical events in heart

A

ELECTROCARDIOGRAM

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93
Q

Diagnoses cardiac abnormalities and Uses electrodes

A

ELECTROCARDIOGRAM

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94
Q

Contains P wave, QRS Complex, T wave

A

ELECTROCARDIOGRAM

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95
Q

COMPONENTS OF ECG/EKG

A

P Wave, QRS Complex, T Wave

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96
Q

Depolarization of Atria

A

P Wave

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97
Q

QRS Complex

A

Depolarization of ventricles
Contains Q, R, S waves

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98
Q

Represents the repolarization of atria

A

QRS Complex

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99
Q

Repolarization of ventricles

A

T Wave

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100
Q

primers for pumps

A

Atria

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101
Q

power pumps

A

Ventricles

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102
Q

the repetitive pumping action which includes contraction and relaxation.

A

Cardiac cycle

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103
Q

Contraction = Depolarization=?

A

Systole

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104
Q

Relaxation = Repolarization =?

A

Diastole

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105
Q

Heart Sounds

A

Lubb, dupp/dubb

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106
Q

Heart sounds are resulted from?

A

open & close valves

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107
Q

Murmurs are due to?

A

faulty valves

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108
Q

S1

A

Lubb = Tricuspid + Mitral (AV Valves)

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109
Q

S2

A

Dupp = Pulmonary + Aortic (Semilunar Valves)

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110
Q

volume of blood pumped per ventricle per contraction.

A

Stroke Volume

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111
Q

Ave. Stroke Volume

A

70 ml/beat

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112
Q

Number of heart beats in 1 min.

A

Heart Rate

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113
Q

Average bpm

A

72 beats/min

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114
Q

Volume of blood pumped by a ventricle in 1 min

A

Cardiac Output

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115
Q

Ave. Cardiac Output

A

5 L/min

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116
Q

Cardiac Output Formula

A

CO = Heart Rate × Stroke Volume

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117
Q

Cardiac Output is directly proportional to the?

A

Blood Pressure

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118
Q

Mechanisms contained within heart

A

INTRINSIC REGULATION

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119
Q

amt. of blood that returns to heart.

A

Venous Return

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120
Q

degree ventricular walls are stretched at end of diastole.

A

Preload

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121
Q

pressure against (resistance) which ventricles must pump blood.

A

After load

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122
Q

Afterload is dictated by?

A

blood vessels.

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123
Q

widening of the diameter of blood vessels

A

Vasodilation

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124
Q

narrowing of the diameter of blood vessels.

A

Vasoconstriction

125
Q

Vasodilation = bp?

A

blood pressure lower

126
Q

Vasoconstriction = bp?

A

blood pressure higher

127
Q

Relationship between preload and stroke volume

A

Starlings Law of the Heart

128
Q

Law that Influences cardiac output

A

Starlings Law of the Heart

129
Q

Mechanisms external to heart

A

EXTRINSIC REGULATION

130
Q

Nervous or chemical regulation

A

EXTRINSIC REGULATION

131
Q

↓CO2 = ?pH

A

↑pH (alkaline / base)

132
Q

↑CO2 = ?pH

A

↓pH (acidic)

133
Q

BP Formula

A

BP = Cardiac Output × Total Peripheral Resistance

134
Q

Best Pulse Location (Adult)

A

Carotid

135
Q

Best Pulse Location (Infants)

A

Brachial

136
Q

low pulse / heart rythms

A

Bradycardia

137
Q

high pulse / heart rythms

A

Tachycardia

138
Q

transport of gases, nutrients, and waste products

A

blood

139
Q

transport processed molecules (proteins)

A

blood

140
Q

responsible for regulation of pH and osmosis

A

blood

141
Q

responsible for maintenance of body temperature

A

blood

142
Q

responsible for protection against foreign substances

A

blood

143
Q

form of osmotic pressure induced by the proteins

A

oncotic pressure

144
Q

responsible for clot formation

A

platelets

145
Q

blood makes up about ?% of total body weight

A

8%

146
Q

pale yellow fluid that consists of about 91% water, 7% proteins, and 2% other components, such as ions, nutrients, gases, waste products, and regulatory
substances

A

plasma

147
Q

plasma proteins

A

albumin, globulin, fibrinogen

148
Q

plasma protein that maintain water balance; main
protein of body

A

albumin

149
Q

plasma protein that helps immune system

A

globulins

150
Q

plasma protein that aids in clot formation

A

fibrinogen

151
Q

the process that produces formed elements.

A

Hematopoiesis

152
Q

All the formed elements of blood are derived from a single population of cells called?

A

hematopoietic stem cells, or hemocytoblasts

153
Q

hemocytoblasts produces what type of intermediate stem cells?

A

myeloid stem cells and lymphoid stem cells.

154
Q

Most of the formed elements are derived from?

A

myeloid stem cells

155
Q

Lymphoid stem cells give rise to?

A

lymphocytes, a type of white blood cell

156
Q

What type of white blood cells are derived from myeloid stem cells?

A

Neutrophil, Eosinophil, Basophil, Monocytes

157
Q

What are derived from myeloid stem cells?

A

Red Blood Cell, Megakaryocyte (Platelet) ,Neutrophil, Eosinophil, Basophil, Monocytes

158
Q

RBC is also called?

A

Erythrocytes

159
Q

disk-shaped with thick edges

A

Erythrocytes (RBC)

160
Q

nucleus is lost during development

A

Erythrocytes (RBC)

161
Q

transport oxygen to tissues

A

Erythrocytes (RBC)

162
Q

700 times more numerous than white blood cells and 17 times more numerous than platelets

A

Erythrocytes (RBC)

163
Q

Erythrocytes (RBC) life span in males

A

120 days

164
Q

Erythrocytes (RBC) life span in females

A

110 days

165
Q

Apoptosis

A

programmed cell death

166
Q

erythropoiesis

A

formation of RBCs

167
Q

responsible for the cell’s red color

A

Hemoglobin

168
Q

heme

A

red-pigmented molecule

169
Q

globin

A

protein chain

170
Q

main component of erythrocytes

A

Hemoglobin

171
Q

transports O2

A

Hemoglobin

172
Q

each globin protein is attached to a?

A

Heme molecule

173
Q

each team (hemoglobin) contains?

A

1 iron atom

174
Q

O2 binds to?

A

Iron

175
Q

hemoglobin with an O2 attached

A

oxyhemoglobin

176
Q

about how many red blood cells are destroyed
every second

A

2.5 million/sec

177
Q

Where in the formation of RBC is the nucleus extruded?

A

Late erythroblast

178
Q

Not yet mature RBC / new RBC with no O2 content yet

A

reticulocyte

179
Q

Decreased in blood oxygen is detected by?

A

Kidneys

180
Q

Kidney will release what in response to decrease O2?

A

Erythropoietin (EPO)

181
Q

Increased EPO will stimulate?

A

red blood cell production in the red bone marrow

182
Q

The process of Red Blood cell production causes?

A

An increase in blood oxygen levels.

183
Q

old RBC’s are removed from blood by?

A

macrophages in spleen and liver

184
Q

What happens to globin when hemoglobin is broken down?

A

broken down into amino acids

185
Q

What happens to hemoglobin iron when hemoglobin is broken down?

A

recycled

186
Q

heme is converted to what when hemoglobin is broken down?

A

bilirubin

187
Q

yellow pigmented molecule

A

bilirubin

188
Q

condition causing yellowish color to the skin

A

jaundice

189
Q

bilirubin is taken up by liver and released into?

A

small intestine as part of bile

190
Q

metabolizes fatty foods

A

bile

191
Q

bile is stored in?

A

gallbladder

192
Q

WBC is also called?

A

Leukocytes

193
Q

buffy coat is formed by?

A

platelets, and WBCs

194
Q

thin, white layer of cells between plasma and RBCs

A

buffy coat

195
Q

Blood cells that lack hemoglobin

A

Leukocytes

196
Q

Blood cells that are larger than erythrocytes

A

Leukocytes

197
Q

Blood cells that contain a nucleus

A

Leukocytes

198
Q

Blood cells that fight infections

A

Leukocytes

199
Q

Blood cells that remove dead cells and debris by phagocytosis

A

Leukocytes

200
Q

Phagocytosis

A

Cell Eating

201
Q

Pinocytosis

A

Cell-drinking

202
Q

Types of Leukocytes

A

Granulocytes and Agranulocytes

203
Q

Types of Leukocytes with granules

A

Granulocytes

204
Q

Types of Leukocytes without granules

A

Agranulocytes

205
Q

Types of Granulocytes

A

Neutrophils, Eosinophils, Basophils

206
Q

Types of Agranulocytes

A

Monocytes, Lymphocytes

207
Q

Neutrophils contain many nuclei therefore they are called?

A

polymorphonuclear cells

208
Q

most common or abundant leukocytes

A

Neutrophils

209
Q

Leukocytes that remain in blood for 10-12 hours
then move to tissues

A

Neutrophils

210
Q

Neutrophils are?

A

phagocytes

211
Q

Leukocytes that reduce inflammation

A

Eosinophils

212
Q

Leukocytes that promotes inflammatory response

A

Basophils

213
Q

least common leukocytes

A

Basophils

214
Q

Basophils releases?

A

Histamine and Heparin

215
Q

Histamine does what?

A

increase capillary permeability = vasodilation

216
Q

Heparin does what?

A

acts as a natural anticoagulant; prevents too much clotting

217
Q

Largest Leukocytes

A

Monocytes

218
Q

Monocytes produces?

A

Macrophages

219
Q

Monocytes evolve into?

A

Macrophages

220
Q

Leukocytes for immune response

A

Lymphocytes

221
Q

Types of Lymphocytes

A

T Cells and B Cells

222
Q

Type of Lymphocytes that lead to the production of antibodies

A

B Cells

223
Q

Platelets are also called?

A

Thrombocytes

224
Q

cell fragments

A

Thrombocytes

225
Q

blood clotting cells

A

Thrombocytes

226
Q

Thrombocytes are produced where?

A

Red bone marrow from Megakaryocytes.

227
Q

Blood that is lost must be replaced by?

A

production of new blood or by a transfusion.

228
Q

temporary constriction of the blood vessels that results when smooth muscle within the wall of the blood vessel contracts

A

Vascular Spasm

229
Q

accumulation of platelets that can seal up a small break in a blood vessel

A

Platelet Plug

230
Q

blood can be transformed from a liquid to a gel

A

Blood Clotting (Coagulation)

231
Q

network of threadlike protein fibers

A

fibrin

232
Q

trapping of blood cells, platelets, and fluid

A

clot

233
Q

clotting factors

A

o proteins in plasma
o only activated following injury
o made in liver
o require vitamin K

234
Q

What happens when von Willebrand factor connects exposed collagen to platelets?

A

Platelet adhesion

235
Q

What happens during the platelet release reaction?

A

ADP from thromboxane, and other chemicals are released and activate other platelets

236
Q

What happens when fibrinogen receptors on activated platelets bind to fibrinogen, connecting the
platelets to one another

A

Platelet aggregation

237
Q

Accumulation of massive platelets forms?

A

platelet plug

238
Q

Prothrombinase converts

A

exposure to connective tissue

239
Q

Thrombin converts

A

fibrinogen to fibrin (the clot)

240
Q

prevent clots from forming

A

Anticoagulants

241
Q

condensing of clot

A

Clot Retraction

242
Q

serum in plasma is squeezed out of clot

A

Clot Retraction

243
Q

helps enhance healing

A

Clot Retraction

244
Q

process of dissolving clot

A

Fibrinolysis

245
Q

When plasminogen breaks down clots.

A

Fibrinolysis

246
Q

Plaminogen is?

A

a plasma protein

247
Q

Thrombin and tissue plasminogen activator convert

A

inactive plasminogen into plasmin

248
Q

Plasmin breaks down the fibrin in a blood clot, resulting in?

A

clot fibrinolysis

249
Q

the transfer of blood or blood components from one individual to another

A

transfusion

250
Q

the introduction of a fluid other than blood, such as a saline or glucose solution, into the blood

A

infusion

251
Q

What can lead to a blood transfusion?

A

Injury or Surgery

252
Q

clumping of blood cells (bad)

A

transfusion reactions/agglutination

253
Q

molecules on surface of erythrocytes

A

antigen

254
Q

proteins in plasma

A

antibodies

255
Q

named accdg to antigen (ABO)

A

blood groups

256
Q

Blood type with anti-body B

A

A

257
Q

Blood type with anti-body A

A

B

258
Q

Blood type with anti-bodies A & B

A

O

259
Q

Blood type with neither anti-bodies A nor B

A

AB

260
Q

Blood type with antigen A

A

A

261
Q

Blood type with antigen B

A

B

262
Q

Blood type with antigens A & B

A

AB

263
Q

Blood type with neither antigens A nor B

A

O

264
Q

carry blood

A

BLOOD VESSELS

265
Q

site for exchange nutrients, waste products, and gases with tissues

A

BLOOD VESSELS

266
Q

responsible for transporting substances

A

BLOOD VESSELS

267
Q

help regulate blood pressure

A

BLOOD VESSELS

268
Q

direct blood flow to the tissues

A

BLOOD VESSELS

269
Q

carry blood away from the heart; usually, the blood is
oxygenated (oxygen-rich)

A

Arteries

270
Q

BV that is thick with a lot of elastic

A

Arteries

271
Q

BV that is thin with less elastic

A

Veins

272
Q

carry blood toward heart

A

Veins

273
Q

Where exchange occurs between blood and tissue fluids

A

Capillaries

274
Q

blood flows from ___ into capillaries

A

arterioles

275
Q

branch to form networks

A

Capillaries

276
Q

smooth muscle cells that regulates blood flow in the capillaries

A

precapillary sphincters

277
Q

Innermost layer of the BV Wall

A

Tunica Intima

278
Q

Tunica Intima is composed of?

A

Simple Squamous

279
Q

Middle layer of the BV Wall

A

Tunica media

280
Q

Tunica media is composed of?

A

smooth muscle with elastic and collagen

281
Q

Outermost layer of the BV Wall

A

Tunica adventitia

282
Q

Tunica adventitia is composed of?

A

connective tissue

283
Q

Type of artery that is largest in diameter

A

Elastic arteries

284
Q

Type of artery that has the thickest walls

A

Elastic arteries

285
Q

Example of elastic Arteries

A

Aorta and Pulmonary Trunk

286
Q

Type of artery that is medium to small in size

A

Muscular arteries

287
Q

Type of artery that is thick in diameter

A

Muscular arteries

288
Q

Type of artery that contains smooth muscle cells

A

Muscular arteries

289
Q

Type of artery that can control blood flow to body regions

A

Muscular arteries

290
Q

Type of veins that collect blood from small veins and deliver it to large veins

A

Medium-sized veins

291
Q

Type of veins that contain valves

A

Large veins

292
Q

Type of veins where all three tunics are present

A

small veins

293
Q

blood flows from capillaries to venules to?

A

small veins

294
Q

enlarged veins due to weak vein walls and valves

A

varicose veins

295
Q

Elevated BP

A

120-129 / <80

296
Q

Stage 1 Hypertension

A

130-139 / 80-89

297
Q

Stage 2 Hypertension

A

≥140 / ≥90

298
Q

Hypertension Crisis

A

> 180 / >120

299
Q

System for Gas exchange

A

RESPIRATORY SYSTEM

300
Q

System for Voice production

A

RESPIRATORY SYSTEM

301
Q

System for Olfaction

A

RESPIRATORY SYSTEM

302
Q

System for Ventilation

A

RESPIRATORY SYSTEM

303
Q

System that involves Innate Immunity

A

RESPIRATORY SYSTEM

304
Q

System that helps the regulation of blood pH

A

RESPIRATORY SYSTEM

305
Q

TWO PARTS OF THE RESPIRATORY TRACT

A

Upper and Lower

306
Q

composed of mainly hyaline cartilage (flexible)

A

External Nose

307
Q

hair fibers that filters the air in the nose

A

vibrissae

308
Q

hair fibers that filters the air in the nose

A

vibrissae

Anatomy And Physiology (1 decks)

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