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Acute Care > Cardiovascular System > Flashcards

Cardiovascular System Flashcards

1
Q

First heart sound

A

Closing of the AV valves. First mitral than tricuspid.

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2
Q

Systole

A

Events associated with ventricular contraction and ejection, short part of the cardiac cycle.

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3
Q

Diastole

A

Events associated with ventricular relaxation and filling, long part of the cardiac cycle.

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4
Q

Chronotropic

A

That influence the heart rate.

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5
Q

Dromotropic

A

Affect the conduction speed in the AV node, therefore the rate of electrical impulse on of the heart.

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6
Q

Inotropic

A

Affect the force/energy of the contraction of the heart.

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7
Q

Vagal / parasympathetic activation of the heart

A

Decrease chronotropy, decrease dromotropy and decrease inotropy by releasing acetylcholine.

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8
Q

Sympathetic activation of the heart

A

Increase in chronotropy, increase in dromotropy, increase in inotropy by releasing noradrenaline.

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9
Q

What controls the heart rate ?

A

The sinoatrial node is the pacemaker of the heart, it is innervated by the vagal efferent fibres to prevent the heart from having a too high frequency of beat.

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10
Q

What happen to the duration of the cardiac cycle when the heart rate increase.

A

The diastole phase shorten, the cardiac cycle last less than 1s.

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11
Q

Third heart sound

A

Pathological signs after 40 of fatigue of the ventricles that became too stiff. Heard during the filling phase.

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12
Q

What method do you use to auscultate the heart ?

A

All Patient Take Med
Aorta (right up), Pulmonary (left up), Tricuspid (right down), Mitral (left down)

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13
Q

Second heart sound

A

Closing of semilunar valve. First aortic valve then pulmonary valve.

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14
Q

How do the AV valves close ?

A

Pressure in the ventricles exceed pressure in the atrial, then the papillary muscle and their attached chordae tendinae contract preventing the AV valves leaflets from bulging back.

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15
Q

What does the Frank-starling law say ?

A

Preload volume increase ==> EDV increase ==> pressure increase
Preload volume decrease ==> EDV decrease ==> pressure decrease
Afterload volume increase ==> pressure increase ==> stroke volume decrease
Afterload volume decrease ==> pressure decrease ==> stroke volume increase

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16
Q

What does the preload affect ?

A

It influences the interaction between the myosin and actin forming the muscle contraction. The higher it is, the stronger the connection between the two will be.

17
Q

Parasympathetic efferent fibres

A

Vagus nerve

18
Q

Sympathetic efferent fibres

A

Cardiac nerve from the lower cervical and the upper thoracic ganglia.

19
Q

Autonomic nervous system

A

Both the sympathetic and the parasympathetic. Consist of autonomic nerves conducting impulse from the central nervous system to the glands, smooth muscle and cardiac muscles.

20
Q

Cardiac output

A

Total blood flow pumped per minute

21
Q

Stroke volume

A

EDV minus ESV

22
Q

Pressure gradient

A

Difference between the atrial and ventricular pressure.

23
Q

Total energy of blood

A

Sum of the pressure energy and the kinetic energy (which is the square velocity of the blood flow).

24
Q

What is a physiological shock ? What are the major causes ? What are the main symptoms ?

A

Life threatening clinical state characterised by deficiency of blood supply.
Caused by allergic reaction, significant blood loss, heart failure, blood infection,dehydration poisoning and burn.
Symptoms : low blood pressure, weak pulse, confusion, thirst, low glucose level, bone fracture, organ rupture,…

25
Q

What is hypovolemic shock ?

A

A problem in circulatory blood volume. There isn’t enough blood in the vessel to carry the oxygen. Caused by internal or external blood loss.

26
Q

What is angina ?

A

Chest pain caused by reduced blood flow to the heart muscle.

27
Q

What are the most common symptoms of myocardial infraction ?

A

Chest pain (burning, squeezing, heaving feeling) and dyspnea.

28
Q

What is the relationship between the levels of troponin and the cardiovascular system ?

A

One hour after myocardial damage, the level of troponin 1 can be detected.

29
Q

When would crackles be heard ?

A

Heard in the lungs of patient when they have a left sided heart failure.

30
Q

What is cardiac tamponade ?

A

A pathology where the pericardium is filled with fluid, more often blood.

31
Q

What is a cardiac catheterisation ?

A

A test to determine if there’s coronary heart disease and to determine its location.

32
Q

What are the secondary symptoms of right sided heart failure ?

A

Oliguria, nausea and weight gain.

Acute Care (5 decks)

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