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Year 11 Human Biology ATAR Exam Revision > Cardiovascular System > Flashcards

Cardiovascular System Flashcards

1
Q

Heart

A

• The heart is a pump that pushes the blood through the blood vessels of the CV system.

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2
Q

Septum (Parts of the Heart)

A

The Muscle that separates the left and right side of the heart

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3
Q

Apex (Parts of the Heart)

A

Lowest point of heart muscle

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4
Q

Atria (Both Atriums) (Parts of the Heart)

A

Upper chambers that receive blood, then push it into the ventricles
Left Atrium receives blood from the lungs
Right Atrium receives blood from the body

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5
Q

Ventricles (Parts of the Heart)

A

Lower chambers that pump blood out to different area of the body
Left ventricle pushes blood to the body
Right ventricle pushes blood to the lungs

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6
Q

Valves (Parts of the Heart)

A

There are 4 valves in the heart, to prevent the backflow of blood:
Bicuspid valve: Between left atrium and ventricle
Tricuspid valve: Between right atrium and ventricle
Semilunar Valves: Prevent backflow from arteries into ventricles for both sides of the heart

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7
Q

Papillary Muscle (Parts of the Heart)

A

Control the opening and closing of the valves

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8
Q

Chordae Tendineae (Parts of the Heart)

A

Connect the papillary muscles to the valves

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9
Q

Blood Vessels (Parts of the Heart)

A

There are 4 major grounds of blood vessels, entering and exiting the heart.
Superior vena cava: Major vein bringing blood into the right atrium from the head and upper body
Inferior vena cava: Major vein bringing blood into the right atrium from the lower body and legs
Pulmonary artery: Takes blood from the right ventricle to the lungs to remove C02 and gain O2
Pulmonary veins: Takes blood from the lungs to the left Atrium

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10
Q

Aorta

A

Delivers oxygen rich blood from the left ventricle to the rest of the body

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11
Q

Cardiac Cycle

A

The sequence of events that occur in the heart during 1 heartbeat

Parts to the Cardiac Cycle:
1. Atrial and ventricular diastole: all chambers are relaxed and are filling up with blood
2. Atrial systole: both atria contract, forcing the blood into the ventricles. (Ventricles still in diastole)
3. Ventricular systole: both ventricles contract, forcing the blood out of the heart. (Atria back in diastole)

• Cardiac cycle is driven by nerve impulses from the brain to the SA node (Sino-atrial node) which is the ‘pacemaker’ of the heart.
• This causes atrial systole
• The impulse is transferred through to the AV node (atrio-ventricular node) and then down the septum along the Perjinke fibres at the apex, which causes ventricular systole

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12
Q

Blood Vessels

A

• Once blood leaves the heart it travels through blood vessels, branching off in different directions and decreasing in diameter until the gases, nutrients and wastes can be exchanged at the cells.
• Then is directed back to the heart through vessels increasing in diameter as they collect together until they end back at the heart.

Blood vessels are divided into the following groups:
• Arteries
• Arterioles
• Capillaries
• Venules
• Veins

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13
Q

Arteries

A

• Thick elastic, muscular walls
• Muscular walls are important in directing blood flow around the body
• Small lumen
• Carry blood away from the heart
• Flood pressure is high but will fluctuate
• No valves

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14
Q

Arterioles

A

• Extends from arteries and leads to capillaries
• Small diameter
• Higher BP and Consistent

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15
Q

Capillaries

A

• Microscopic blood vessels
• Walls that are only 1 cell thick
• Forces the blood cells to pass through in single file
• This increases the BP even higher and slows down the rate/speed at which the blood passes through
• Both of these allow for an increase in the rate of diffusion/exchange can take place into the tissue/extracellular fluid

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16
Q

Venules

A

• Allows deoxygenated blood to return from capillaries to veins
• Smaller diameter veins with a lower pressure than the capillaries

17
Q

Veins

A

• Thin inelastic walls, with little muscle tissue
• Large lumen
• Carry blood towards the heart
• Blood pressure is low
• Valves

18
Q

Cardiac Output

A

• Cardiac output is the amount of blood leaving a ventricle each minute
• Heart rate is the number of heart beats per minute
• Stroke volume is the volume of blood forced from a ventricle with each heartbeat
• CO = HR x SV

19
Q

Blood Flow through Arteries

A

• Blood flow to specific organs/areas can be regulated by altering the diameter of the arteries/arterioles

Increasing blood flow: Vasodilation
• Smooth muscle in the blood vessel walls relax

Decreasing blood flow: Vasoconstriction
• Smooth muscle in the blood vessel walls contract

Adrenaline causes:
• Vasodilation of arterioles to skeletal muscles
• Vasoconstriction of arterioles to most body systems (non-essential to fight-or-flight)
• Exercise causes as similar action
• CO2 can act as a stimulus for vasodilation

20
Q

Blood

A

• Blood is the main medium that transports all the requirement and wastes around the body

It transports:
• Gases (Oxygen and Carbon Dioxide)
• Nutrients (Sugars, amino acids, lipids)
• Wastes (Urea)
• Water
• Hormones, ions, vitamins, and minerals etc.
• Antibodies and cells involved in the immune system
• Heat

21
Q

Blood Components

A

Blood is made up of 4 major components:
• Red blood cells, also called erythrocytes
• White blood cells, also called leucocytes
• Platelets, also called thrombocytes
• Plasma

22
Q

Erythrocytes

A

• Shape: Biconcave Disc
• Role: contain the protein haemoglobin which can carry oxygen and carbon dioxide molecules
• Does not have a nucleus
• Produced: In the red bone marrow
• Life span: approx. 120 days (3 months)

23
Q

Leucocytes

A

• Shape: sphere
• Size: larger in size, but fewer in number than RBC
• Has a nucleus
• Role: Identify foreign antigens/cells, remove, and destroy cell debris as well as foreign bodies
• Produced: In the red bone marrow
• Life Span: approx. 1-2 days

24
Q

Thrombocytes

A

• Shape: Irregular cell fragments
• Does not have a nucleus
• Role: promote blood clotting
• Produced: in the red bone marrow
• Life span: approx. 5-7 days

25
Q

Plasma

A

• Fluid medium that all the blood cells float through
• It is about 90% water, with many dissolved substances in it:
• Nutrients, hormones, gasses, ions, wastes etc.
• Has a nucleus

26
Q

Blood Clotting

A

Step 1: Vasoconstriction of the broken blood vessels:
• Reduce blood loss and entry of pathogens

Step 2: Platelets stick to the fragments of the ruptured vessel
• This attracts more platelets to form a plug

Step 3: Platelets release chemicals that:
• Cause further vasoconstriction
• Attract clotting factors and fibrin proteins

Step 4: Fibrin threads create a net/mesh which:
• Strengthens/reinforces the plug
• Traps blood cells

Step 5: Clot retraction, the fibrin pulls the edges of the blood vessels back together
• Once the blood vessel has healed the clot will dissolve

27
Q

Antigens and Antibodies (Blood Groups)

A

• Antigens are markers of the outside of the cell membrane. They allow cells to identify each other
• Antibodies are proteins the body produces in response to recognising a non-self-antigen. They are an immune
response to destroy any potential pathogen

28
Q

The ABO Blood Group (Blood Groups)

A

• The ABO blood groups are made up of 4 types of blood: A, B, AB and O
• Your blood type is determined by the presence of absence of the antigens A and B on the surfaces of RBCs

29
Q

Identifying Blood Types (Blood Groups)

A

• Type A blood = antigen A on the surface of their RBCs
• Type B blood = B antigen
• Type AB blood = both A and B antigens
• Type O blood = no antigens (there is no antigen O)

30
Q

Antibodies

A

• If you are exposed to the wrong blood type (antigen) your body will react to produce antibodies
• Anti-A is the antibody that reacts against Antigen A
• Anti-B is the antibody that reacts against Antigen B
• Antibodies of the ABO group appear in the plasma 2-8 months after birth mainly in response to the bacteria that inhabit the intestines
• Antibodies react with RBC antigens that are different to your own RBCs
• This reaction can be fatal and therefore has great significance in blood transfusions

31
Q

Agglutination

A

• The antibody reaction is called agglutination
• The antibody attaches to several RBCs at once and bind them together in a clump
• Stuck in capillaries

32
Q

Importance of ABO Blood Groups in transfusions

A

• A person with type A (anti-B) blood cannot receive B or AB blood
• Type B (anti-A) blood cannot receive A or AB blood
• Type AB blood (no antibodies) can receive blood of any type. (Universal receiver)
• Type O (anti-A and anti-B) blood cannot receive A, B or AB blood. (Universal Donor)

Year 11 Human Biology ATAR Exam Revision (17 decks)

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