Cardiovascular System 1 Flashcards
List the layers of the heart, outer to inner
Pericardium -> Epicardium -> Myocardium -> Endocardium
CVD causes _ in _ deaths annually in the US
1 in 3
Leading risks of CVD
Hypertension, high cholesterol, smoking
Those in their ___ and ___ with no CVD risk factors have lower risk of death
40s and 50s
Signs and symptoms of CVD
Chest,
Neck,
Arm,
Jaw Pain
What could the chest, neck, arm or jaw pain from CVD be due to?
Ischemia, MI, pericarditis, endocarditis, valve dysfunction, aneurysm
Anemia will lead to what happening to the heart
Deoxygenation in myocardium
Chest, neck, arm, or jaw pain from CVD could be associated with
nausea, vomiting, diaphoresis, dyspnea, fatigue, and pallor
Diaphoresis is
Excessive sweating
Dyspnea is
Difficulty breathing
Pallor is
Yellow appearance
CVD pain can radiate to ___ dermatome, in the ___ arm, and can be confused with _____ pain
C3/C4
Left arm
Ulnar nerve pain
What is angina and when/why does it occur?
Chest pain when heart muscle does not get enough O2
Angina feels like what and can be mistaken for what?
Feels like pressure of squeezing; can be taken for indigestion
Palpitations are
Irregular/Very fast heart rate. Arrhythmia. Can be benign.
Palpitations can be caused by
Caffeine, anxiety, exercise, some meds, menopause when estrogen decreases
Palpitations are only classified when occurrence is
6 or more palpitations per minute
Dyspnea (SOB) can be ______ or ______ in origin
Cardiac or pulmonary
Dyspnea on exertion may be indicative of
impairment
Paroxysmal Nocturnal Dyspnea is
SOB that wakes individual during night when laying supine
Orthopnea is
SOB when lying flat
Dyspnea that’s relieved by changing position is associated with
Pulmonary conditions
Cough is typically associated with what condition?
Pulmonary conditions
When cough shows left ventricular dysfunction, is indicates there is issue with
Cardiovascular system
With cough, left ventricular dysfunction may results in
Pulmonary edema. May result in sputum or blood.
What is cyanosis and why does it occur?
Bluish lips, nail beds, fingers, toes
From inadequate O2 levels.
Central vs Peripheral Cyanosis: Where are they found?
Central: Mouth
Peripheral: Fingers, toes
What is the hallmark of right ventricular failure?
Peripheral edema
Peripheral edema that comes from cardiovascular problem is:
bi- or unilateral? Dependent or independent?
Bilateral, dependent
Peripheral is associated with:
JVD (jugular vein distention)
Ascites
RUQ Pain
If dysfunction in ride side of heart, blood will go where?
Back to the body resulting in edema
What is claudication and what causes it?
Leg pain or cramping
Due to PVD or CAD
With claudication, best treatment is
Walking in intervals
Claudication is associated with ______ disease but also ________ disease
cardiovascular and peripheral vascular
What is cardiac syncope and why does it happen
Fainting and lightheadedness because of reduced O2 to brain
What 3 things could you get from cardiac syncope?
Arrhythmias, poor ventricular function, CAD
People with cardiac syncope are fatigued with _____ exertion
Minimal
Decrease in number of myocytes, cardiac fibrosis, inc vent stiffness, impaired diastolic function, inc mechanical load, impaired autonomic reflex control of HR, brown atrophy, arterial walls stiffen, aorta dilated and elongated, increased arteriosclerosis, dec in function capacity with exercise (dec HR and dec CO) happen in what population?
Aging population
Diseases affecting the heart muscle (interchangeable)
Ischemic heart disease
Coronary heart disease
Coronary artery disease
_____ ______ carry O2 to heart
Coronary arteries
When coronary arteries are narrowed or blocked…
Herat becomes ischmeic, injured, and possible infarction
Arteriosclerosis is
A group of diseases characterized by thickening and loss of elasticity of arterial walls
How many types of arteriosclerosis are there and what are there names?
3 types
- Atherosclerosis
- Mönckeberg’s arteriosclerosis
- Arteriosclerosis
What type of arteriosclerosis?
Plaques of fatty deposits from in the intima. Also most common
Atherosclerosis
What type of arteriosclerosis?
Involving the middle layer of the arteries. Destruction of muscle and elastic fibers and formation of Ca deposits.
Mönckeberg’s Arteriosclerosis
What is this type of arteriosclerosis?
Thickening of walls of small arteries (arterioles)
Arteriosclerosis
Thickening of the arterial walls through accumulation of lipids, macrophages, t Lymphocytes, smooth muscle cells, extracellular matrix, calcium and necrotic debris… is what type of arteriosclerosis?
Atherosclerosis
CAD become constructed and hard/fibrotic as a result of
Atherosclerosis
Treating CAD… most effective way?
Changing one’s habits (to stop disease from progressing)
Once CAD develops, it requires _____ management
Lifelong
CAD management can include
Medications and surgery. Surgery may require multiple times (coming back)
Non-modifiable risk factors for CAD
Age, male, family history, ethnicity, infection
Pathogenesis of CAD: 1 begins with an injury to what part of artery? What does this injury do?
Endothelial lining (intimal layer)
It makes vessels more permeable to circulating lipoproteins
Pathogenesis of CAD 2: Penetration of lip proteins into smooth muscle cells of intima produces what?
Fatty streaks
Pathogenesis of CAD 3: A ______ _____ grows outward first and is large enough to decrease blood flow through the artery
fibrous plaque
Pathogenesis of CAD 4: ______ with rupture, or _______ of the fibrous plaque is the final advanced stage
Calcification, hemorrhage
Pathogenesis of CAD 5: ______ may occur, further occluding the lumen of blood vessel
Thrombosis
