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SOI 1 > CARDIOVASCULAR SYST > Flashcards

CARDIOVASCULAR SYST Flashcards

1
Q

Lateral border of the mediastinum

A

Pleural cavities

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2
Q

Anterior border of the mediastinum

A

Sternum

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3
Q

Posterior border of the mediastinum

A

Thoracic vertebrae

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4
Q

Superior border of the mediastinum

A

Superior thoracic aberture

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5
Q

Inferior border of the mediastinum

A

Diaphragm

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6
Q

Parts into which the mediastinum is divided

A

Superior and inferior mediastinum

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7
Q

The inferior mediastinum divides into

A

Anterior, middle and posterior mediastinum

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8
Q

What plane divides the mediastinum into superior and inferior

A

Sternal angle to T4-T5 intervertebral disc

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9
Q

What subdivides the inferior mediastinum into middle, anterior and posterior

A

The pericardium

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10
Q

What constitues the middle mediastinum

A

The pericardium and the heart

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11
Q

Where is the thymus?

A

Superior mediastinum, posterior to the manubrium

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12
Q

Where can the brachiocephalic veins be found?

A

Superior mediastinum, posterior to thymus

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13
Q

Where is the brachiocephalic artery?

A

Superior mediastinum

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14
Q

Where is the trachea

A

Superior mediastinum

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15
Q

Where does the trachea divide into the bronchi

A

At or just inferior to the transverse plane sternal angle-intervertebral disc T4-T5

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16
Q

Which parts of the mediastinum does the esophagus pass

A

Superior and posterior mediastinum

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17
Q

When does the thymus begin to atrophy

A

Puberty

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18
Q

What can be seen of the thymus in an elderly adult

A

Barely unidentifiable, consists mainly of fatty tissue

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19
Q

Where do the brachicephalic veins come from

A

Subclavian and jugular veins

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20
Q

What vein do the brachiocephalic veins form

A

Superior vena cava

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21
Q

What veins form the superior vena cava

A

Right and left brachiocephalic veins

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22
Q

Where does the superior vena cava end

A

Upon entering the right atrium (lower edge of 3rd costal carthilage)

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23
Q

What vein does the superior vena cava receive before entering the pericardial sac

A

Azygos vein

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24
Q

Parts that the aorta can be divided into

A

Ascending aorta, arch of the aorta and decending aorta

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25
Q

Which segment of the aorta is only found in the superior mediastinum

A

Arch of the aorta

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26
Q

Where does the aorta start

A

Left ventricle

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27
Q

What three arteries does the aorta give rise to

A

Brachiocephalic trunk (right), left common carotid and left subclavian

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28
Q

What structure crosses anteriorly the brachiocephalic, carotid and subclavian arteries at their origin from the aorta

A

Left brachiocephalic vein

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29
Q

What arteries form from the brachiocephalic trunk

A

Right subclavian and common carotid arteries

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30
Q

Where is the left common carotid artery found

A

Superior mediastinum, left side of trachea

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31
Q

What artery supplies the right side of the head and neck

A

Right common carotid artery

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32
Q

What artery supplies the right arm

A

Right subclavian artery

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33
Q

What artery supplies the left side of the head and neck

A

Left common carotid artery

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34
Q

What artery supplies the left arm

A

Left subclavian artery

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35
Q

Where is the left subclavian artery found

A

Superior mediastinum, left side of the trachea

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36
Q

What structure joins the arch of the aorta and the pulmonar artery

A

Ligamentum arteriosum/ Ductus arteriosum/ Ligamentum Botalli

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37
Q

Function of ligamentum arteriosum

A

In embryonic development, acts as bypass for blood to divert most of it from unformed and unfunctional lungs.

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38
Q

Origin of the vagus nerve

A

CN X

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39
Q

Where is the vagus nerve in the mediastinum

A

Superior and posterior divisions

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40
Q

Where does the right vagus nerve enter the mediastinum

A

Between the right brachiocephalic vein and the brachiocephalic trunk

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41
Q

What crosses over the right vagus nerve before reaching the esophagus

A

The azygus vein

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42
Q

Where does the left vagus nerve enter the mediastinum

A

Posterior to the left brachiocephalic vein and between left common carotid and left subclavian arteries

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43
Q

What nerve is given rise by the left vagus nerve

A

Left recurrent laryngeal nerve

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44
Q

Where does the left recurrent laryngeal nerve pass through

A

Inferior to the arch of the aorta, lateral to the ligamentum arteriosum. (It goes superiorly to the larynx after entering a groove btwn trachea and esophagus)

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45
Q

Where do the phrenic nerves come from

A

C3-C5 spinal cord segments

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46
Q

What do the phrenic nerves innervate

A

Diaphragm

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47
Q

What type of nerve are the phrenic nerves

A

Somatic (motor and sensory innervation for diaphragm)

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48
Q

What course does the right phrenic nerve follow in the superior mediastinum

A

Goes to the right alongside the right brachiocephalic vein and then the superior vena cava, leaving alongside it

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49
Q

What path does the right phrenic nerve take in the middle mediastinum

A

Rigth side of the pericardial sac

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50
Q

What structures accompany the phrenic nerves

A

Pericardiophrenic vessels

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51
Q

What path does the left phrenic nerve follow through the superior mediastinum

A

Left to the left brachiocephalic vein, descends laterally to the arch of the aorta

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52
Q

What path does the left phrenic nerve follow in the middle mediastinum

A

Left side of pericardial sac

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53
Q

Which is the major lymphatic vessel?

A

The thoracic duct

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54
Q

Where does the thoracic duct pass through the superior mediastinum

A

The posterior part through the midline anterior to the vertebral bodies

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55
Q

Where does the thoracic duct enter the superior mediastinum

A

Enters inferiorly, slightly left

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56
Q

What nerve is given rise by the right vagus nerve

A

Right recurrent laryngeal nerve

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57
Q

Where does the right recurrent laryngeal nerve go

A

Goes superiorly after going around the right subclavian artery to the larynx

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58
Q

Where are the internal thoracic vessels

A

Anterior mediastinum, posterior to costal cartilages and next to sternum

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59
Q

Where do the anterior intercostal arteries come from

A

Internal thoracic arteries

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60
Q

What do the anterior intercostal veins form

A

Internal thoracic veins or the azygos veins

61
Q

Where do the internal thoracic arteries come from

A

Subclavian arteries

62
Q

Where do the internal thoracic veins end

A

Brachiocephalic veins

63
Q

What muscular tube goes from the pharynx to the stomach

A

Esophagus

64
Q

Where does the esophagus begin

A

Inferior border of the cricoid carthilage (C6)

65
Q

Where does the esophagus end

A

Cardiac opening of stomach (T11)

66
Q

What happens with the esophagus when it reaches the diaphragm

A

It moves anteriorly to the left, crossing over the aorta to become anterior to it and passes through the esophageal hiatus (T10)

67
Q

What structure is the esophagus related to laterally

A

The parietal pleura

68
Q

What is posterior to the esophagus

A

The thoracic duct (right side inferiorly, left side superiorly)

69
Q

What can we find on the left side of the esophagus

A

Thoracic aorta

70
Q

What is anterior to the esophagus

A

Trachea till bifurcation, right pulmonar artery, left main bronchus and then left atrium, finally reaching diaphragm

71
Q

Normal esophageal constrictions

A

Junction with pharynx (C6), crossing of arortic arch (T4) and left main bronchus (T5) and the esophageal hiatus with diaphragm (T10)

72
Q

What nerves forms the esophageal plexus

A

Right and left vagus nerves

73
Q

What structure is formed on the esophagus by ramification of both vagus nerves

A

Esophageal plexus

74
Q

What forms the posterior vagal trunk

A

Mainly ramifications of the right vagus nerve

75
Q

What forms the anterior vagal trunk

A

Mainly fibers from the left vagus nerve

76
Q

What sructure upon arriving the diaphram gives rise to the vagal trunks

A

Esophageal plexus

77
Q

Where do the pericardiophrenic veins drain into

A

Internal thoracic veins or brachiocephalic veins

78
Q

Origin of pericardiophrenic arteries

A

Internal thoracic artery

79
Q

Where is the arch of the aorta located

A

T4

80
Q

Where does the descending thoracic aorta start

A

T4, after arch of aorta

81
Q

Where does the descending thoracic aorta end

A

T12, after passing the aortic hiatus

82
Q

Which system of veins drains blood from the body wall and some thoracic viscera into the superior vena cava

A

Azygos system

83
Q

Which veins form the azygos system

A

Azygos, hemiazygos and accesory hemiazygos

84
Q

Where does the azygos vein drain

A

Superior vena cava, arch of the azygos vein, T4

85
Q

Where does the azygos vein enter the thorax

A

Aortic hiatus of the diaphragm

86
Q

What veins give rise to the azygos vein

A

Right ascending lumbar and right subcostal veins (sometimes also a branch from inferior vena cava)

87
Q

Where does the right superior intercostal vein drain

A

Azygos vein

88
Q

Most important tributaries of the azygos vein

A

Right superior intercostal, hemiazygos and accessory hemiazygos veins

89
Q

Which veins give rise to the hemiazygos vein

A

Left superior lumbar and left subcostal veins

90
Q

Where does the hemiazygos vein join the azygos vein

A

T11, crossing the vertebral column posteriorly to aorta, esophagus and thoracic duct

91
Q

Where does the accessory hemiazygos vein drain

A

Azygos vein, sometimes hemyazygos. T8

92
Q

Where does the left superior intercostal vein drain

A

Left brachiocephalic vein

93
Q

Where is the aortic hiatus

A

T12

94
Q

What vessels branch off the thoracic aorta

A

Pericardial, bronchial, esophageal, mediastinal, posterior intercostal, superior phrenic and subcostal arteries.

95
Q

What structure drains the right superior side of the body (right half thorax, head, neck and right arm)

A

Right lymphatic duct

96
Q

What does the right lymphatic duct drain

A

Right half side of the thorax, neck, head and right arm

97
Q

What lymphatic duct drains the body except the right superior half

A

Thoracic duct

98
Q

What does the thoracic duct drain

A

The whole body except the right superior half

99
Q

What stucture is formed by the confluence of lymph trunks in the abdomen

A

Cisterna chyli

100
Q

Where does the thoracic duct extend from and to where

A

Root of the neck to L2

101
Q

Where is the thoracic duct located in reference to other structures

A

It is the most posterior structure, acends thorugh the midline in the posterior and superior mediastinum

102
Q

What nervous structures are located in the posterior mediastinum, lateral and parallel to the vertebral bodies

A

Sympathetic trunk of the thorax

103
Q

What structures form the sympathetic trunks and how many of them

A

Ganglia, 11 or 12

104
Q

What connects to the ganglia

A

The thoracic nerves through white and grey communicating rami

105
Q

Which is the most important nerve that is given rise by the sympathetic trunk of the thorax

A

Greater splachnic nerve

106
Q

What direction does the greater splachnic nerve take

A

It goes inferior and medial, accross the vertebral bodies

107
Q

Which mediastinum division is the heart in

A

Middle mediastinum

108
Q

What mesoderm gives rise to the somatic and splachnic mesoderm

A

Lateral mesoderm

109
Q

What does the somatic mesoderm give rise in the CVS

A

Smooth muscle in blood and linfatic vessels

110
Q

What does the splachnic mesoderm give rise in the CVS

A

Smooth muscle around primitive gut derivatives and cardiac muscle

111
Q

How is the primitive cardiogenic field situated in the 19 day embryo (dorsal view)

A

Horseshoe shape, craneal to neural folds

112
Q

What can be seen in an axial view of the 19 day embryo (CVS), from ventral to dorsal

A

From ventral to dorsal:

Embryonic ectoderm
Splachnic mesoderm; 
   -inside, to each side, 
        ·pericardial coelom
        ·angioblastic cord
Embryonic endoderm, 
Yolk sac
113
Q

Where is the heart at a 19 day embryo situated

A

Anterior to oropharyngeal membrane

114
Q

What happens to the heart when the craneal folding take place

A

The heart (heart tube at that moment) starts to move ventrally and ends up, the heart, at thoracic level

115
Q

What happens to the heart tube when the craneal foldings take place

A

Started ventral to the pericardial cavity (previously coelom), moves dorsal, bending towards it

116
Q

What happens to the heart when the lateral foldings take place

A

The lateral folds cause the fusion of both heart primordia.
The percardial coella form the pericardial cavity, surrounding the heart tubes.
The heart tubes (endocardial) fuse.

117
Q

What cells maintains the heart tube suspended in the pericardial cavity

A

Dorsal mesocardium

118
Q

Which cells cover the wall of the heart tube

A

Visceral pericardium

119
Q

Which cells form the outide layer of the pericardial cavity

A

Serous parietal pericardium

120
Q

What structure surrounds the heart

A

Coelomic cavity

121
Q

What makes up the coelomic cavity

A

Parietal and visceral serous pericardium and pericadial cavity

122
Q

What layer of cells surrounds and forms a sac arounf the heart and the pericardial cavity

A

Fibrous pericardium

123
Q

What happens during day 21-22 of embryonic development (CVS)

A

Formation of the heart tube

124
Q

What segments can the heart tube be divided into (craneal to caudal)

A 
Truncus arteriosus
Bulbus cordis
Common ventricle
Common atrium
Sinus venosus
125
Q

To what structure does the common atrium associate caudally

A

Septum transversum

126
Q

What is the septum transversum

A

Central part of the diaphragm

127
Q

What happens to the heart tube during days 22-24

A

Folding and formation of cardiac loop

128
Q

What movement does the common atrium do during the formation of the cardiac loop

A

Cranial, dorsal and to the left

129
Q

What movements does the common ventricle do during the formation of the cardiac loop

A

Caudal, ventral and to the right

130
Q

Which shape does the heart tube adopt when the cardiac loop is formed

A

S shape

131
Q

Why does the heart tube form the cardiac loop

A

So the pericardium can surround it

132
Q

What adult structure is formed by the truncus arteriosus

A

Aorta and pulmonary arteries

133
Q

What adult structure is formed by the bulbus cordis/conus arteriosus

A

The outflow of the ventricles

134
Q

What adult structure is formed by the common ventricle

A

Trabecular part of the ventricles

135
Q

What adult structure is formed by the common atrium

A

Trabecular part of the atria

136
Q

What adult structure is formed by the sinus venosus

A

Smooth part of the right atrium
Coronary sinus
Oblique vein of the left atrium

137
Q

What fetal structure forms the aorta

A

Truncus arteriosus

138
Q

What fetal structure forms the pulmonary artery

A

Truncus arteriosus

139
Q

What fetal structure forms the part of the vessels associated to the ventricles (outflow)

A

Bulbus cordis

140
Q

What fetal structure forms the trabecular part of the atria

A

Primitive common atrium

141
Q

What fetal structure forms the trabecular part of the ventricles

A

Primitive common ventricle

142
Q

What fetal structure forms the smooth part of the right atrium

A

Sinus venosus

143
Q

What fetal structure forms the oblique vein of the left atrium

A

Sinus venosus

144
Q

What fetal structure forms the coronary sinus

A

Sinus venosus

145
Q

Which structure attaches the heart to where

A

Dorsal mesocardium, to dorsal wall

146
Q

What forms from the dissapearance of the dorsal mesocardium

A

Trnasverse pericardial sinus

147
Q

Dissapereance of which embryonic vein gives rise to the left brachiocephalic vein

A

Anterior cardinal vein

148
Q

What occurs to sinus transversus during the 4th to 5th week of development

A

Its veins, previously caudal, shift to dorsal and right

149
Q

What separates trabecular and smooth parts of the right atrium

A

Crista terminalis

SOI 1 (1 decks)

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