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Cardiovascular Physiology 🫀 > Cardiovascular physiology II 🫀📊 > Flashcards

Cardiovascular physiology II 🫀📊 Flashcards

1
Q

what are the 3 components of the cardiac cycle?

A
  1. Generation of electrical events that are recorded on an EKG
  2. Mechanical activity: systole + diastole
  3. blood flow through the heart
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2
Q

what is being made during the electrical activity of the heart?

A

small electrical currents

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3
Q

the small electrical currents made during the electrical activity is due to the?

A

depolarization and repolarization of the heart

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4
Q

the small electrical currents move through?

A

bodily fluids

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5
Q

the potential difference that happens as a result of the small electrical current is measured where on the body using what?

A
  • surface of the body using electrode pairs
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6
Q

one electrode pair is called a?

A

lead

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7
Q

the voltage or the potential difference in the electrical activity of the cardiac cycle is visualized as?

A

waves

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8
Q

the waves seen on the EKG are the result of?

A

sum of the electrical activity of all the myocardial fibres cells of the heart

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9
Q

name the 3 distinguishable waves seen on an EKG

A
  1. P wave
  2. QRS wave
  3. T wave
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10
Q

what are the 3 segments/intervals seen on an EKG

A
  1. P-Q interval
  2. S-T segment
  3. T-P intervals
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11
Q

the P wave on an EKG represents?

A

atrial depolarization

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12
Q

how does the P wave on an EKG leads to contraction of both atrium

A

depolarization from the SA node spreads thru the contractile fibres in both atrium -> leading to atrial contraction

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13
Q

the QRS wave on an EKG represents what?

A

ventricular depolarization =contraction

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14
Q

how does the QRS wave lead to the contraction of both ventricles?

A

action potential spreads through contractile fibres in the two ventricles -> leads to ventricular contraction

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15
Q

when do the atria REPOLARIZED? Explain why this is not seen on the EKG

A

atrial repolarization occurs during the QRS wave this is not seen due to the large muscle mass of the ventricles

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16
Q

the T wave on an EKG represents what?

A

ventricular repolarization

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17
Q

when does the T wave begin?

A

happens as the ventricles begin relaxation

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18
Q

what is the P-Q interval seen on an EKG

A
  • the interval between the start of the P wave and the start of the Q wave during where the Atrium contract
    and action potentials are spreading from SA node to AV node
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19
Q

The segment between the end of the S wave to the start of the T wave is called the?

A

S-T segment

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20
Q

what happens during the S-T segment on an EKG

A

the ventricles are contracted and depolarized & the atria is relaxed
- blood is ejected from the ventricles into the large arteries

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21
Q

what segment/intervals on an EKG represents when both the atria and the ventricles are at rest

A

T-P interval

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22
Q

what are some examples of abnormal heart rhythms

A

Tachycardia
Bradycardia

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23
Q

What is Tachycardia

A

abnormal FAST heart beat
Resting HR higher than 100 bpm

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24
Q

what is Bradycardia

A

abnormal SLOW heart beat
resting HR is lower than 60 BPM

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25
Q

what happens when the conduction through the AV node is slowed? what does this indicate?

A

the P-Q interval will increase in length
Indicates a heart block

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26
Q

what happens to the ventricles during a heart block

A

the ventricles may not contract after each atrial contraction

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27
Q

what happens during a 3rd-degree heart block

A
  • No conduction happening through the AV node so there’s a complete loss of communication between the atrium and the ventricles. So all pacemaker cells end up firing independently at their own rates:
  • SA node= 75 bpm
  • AV node = 50 bpm
  • BUNDLE OF HIS/Purkinje fibre= 30 bpm
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28
Q

what are the 2 main events that are found within the mechanical activity of the cardiac cycle

A

systole and diastole

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29
Q

define systole

A

contraction and emptying of blood

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30
Q

define diastole

A

relaxation and filling of blood

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31
Q

both systole and diastole are initiated by what?

A

electrical activity -> require an AP before contraction can be made

32
Q

what occurs during one complete heartbeat

A

Systole+Diastole of the atrium
Systole + Diastole of the ventricles
- this doesn’t happen at the same time (they alternate)

33
Q

what is an average heart rate

A

75 beats per minute
60secs/minute = 0.8 s/beat

34
Q

during the 0.8 seconds/beat of the mechanical activity of the heart, when do the atria become systole?

A

0s = the atria are contracting (systole)

35
Q

how long do the atria stay contracted (systole) during the 0.8 seconds/beat

A

atria will stay in systole for 0.1s

36
Q

how long do the atria stay contracted (systole) during the 0.8 seconds/beat

A

atria will stay in systole for 0.1s

37
Q

for the remaining 0.7 seconds of the 0.8 seconds of the mechanical event of the heart, what happens to the atria

A

it will be in diastole for the remaining 0.7 seconds

38
Q

during the 0.8s of the heartbeat, when will the ventricles start contracting

A

at 0.1 ventricles will start systole

39
Q

how long do the ventricles stay in systole during the 0.8seconds rhythm

A

0.3s

40
Q

explain how long and when the ventricles will be in diastole during the 0.8seconds rhythm

A

diastole of the ventricles will start at 0.4s until 0.1s of the next cycle and will last for 0.5s

41
Q

the movement of blood through the heart is due to:

A
  1. pressure changes (high-low)
  2. valves (prevents backflow)
  3. myocardial contraction (raises the pressure)
42
Q

during diastole of the heart, ventricles have what? in terms of pressure changes

A

lowest pressure

43
Q

during diastole of the ventricles, blood flows from?

A

high pressure - low pressure

44
Q

during systole, ventricles have what kind of pressure?

A

highest pressure

45
Q

during systole, what happens to the blood in the ventricles

A

it flows out from high pressure - low pressure

46
Q

what is the pressure in the vena cava + pulmonary veins

A

4.6mmHg

47
Q

what is the pressure gradient in which blood flows in the heart?

A

high pressure - low pressure

48
Q

describe how blood in the heart moves from high - low pressure (venous return)

A

blood moves from high - low pressure
- vena cava + pulomanary vein = 4.6 mmHg
- pressure from atria = 4.0mmHg
- venous returns (blood coming back to atrium thru vena cava) flows from high pressure - to low pressure

49
Q

what is the pressure in the atrium?

A

<4 mmHg

50
Q

during venous return, how much percentage of blood goes into the ventricles? describe

A

80% of blood passively flows to the ventricles (high-low)

51
Q

t or f: contraction of the atria is needed to move 80% of the blood to the ventricles

A

false - no contraction of the atrium is needed to get the 80% of blood into the ventricles

52
Q

describe what happens to the remaining 20% of blood left in the atria

A

during atria systole (contraction) this blood will be pushed to the ventricles

53
Q

explain why atrial contraction is not necessary in order to get the blood going into the ventricles

A

because 80 per cent of blood will passively flow into the ventricles down its pressure gradient (high-low)

54
Q

why is the atrial contraction needed to get the 20% of the blood into the ventricles

A

because as the ventricles starts to fill the pressure in them starts to build up and the flow will start to slow down or stop that’s why we need the atria to contract to push the remaining 20% of the blood into the ventricles

55
Q

what happens to the ventricles and its pressure during diastole?

A

ventricles fill
pressure is nearly 0- veyr low

56
Q

what happens to the ventricles and the atria during ventricular contraction (systole)

A

during systole:
- ventricles contract and the pressure increases to max value
- atria relaxes ( diastole)

57
Q

the higher pressure in the ventricles than in the right and left atrium forces the closing of what valves?

A

AV VALVES
tricuspid and bicuspid valves

58
Q

the first heart sound is called?

A

LUB (S1)

59
Q

what events causes LUB (S1)

A

caused by the turbulence of blood flow by the closure of the AV valves

60
Q

when is LUB (S1) heard?

A

after the QRS waves begin (heard after ventricular systole)

61
Q

increased pressure in the ventricles than in the aorta/pulmonary trunk causes what valves to open?

A

semilunar valves
aortic and pulmonary valves

62
Q

when the the semilunar valves becomes open, what happens to the blood in the ventricles

A

blood enters the aorta and the pulmonary trunk and is pushed out into systemic and pulmonary circulation

63
Q

when the ventricles relax during diastole, what happens to its pressure

A

it reduces to a minimum

64
Q

when the ventricles pressure drops to a minimum what happens to the aorta/pulmonary trunk

A

there is a higher pressure in the aorta and pulmonary trunk

65
Q

the higher pressure in the aorta and pulmonary valves causes what valves to close

A

semilunar valves close

66
Q

the turbulence that is made by the closing of the semilunar valves such as the aortic and pulmonary valves gives rise to a second heart sound called?

A

DUB (s2)

67
Q

when is DUB (s2) heard

A

in the middle of the t wave (ventricular repolarization)

68
Q

when does the av valves open?

A

when the pressure in the ventricles drops below atrial pressure

69
Q

heart sounds are made from

A

the turbulent blood flow made the closing of valves

70
Q

what is laminar flow

A

no sound is made

71
Q

what is turbulent flow

A

it produces noise

72
Q

what are sounds of korotkoff

A

the sound heard due to the turbulence in the brachial artery during blood pressure measurements

73
Q

during blood pressure measurements, the first korotkoff sounds represent what?
what is being heard at this moment

A

it represents systolic pressure
- soft tapping sounds can be heard

74
Q

at the end of the blood pressure measurements, what happens to the sounds of korotkoff? what does this represents

A

at the end, the sound can no longer be heard
and this represents diastolic pressure

75
Q

t or f: at the end of the blood pressure measurements, the sounds of korotkoff is no longer heard and this is a sign of laminar flow

A

true

76
Q

t or f: at the start of the blood pressure measurements the sounds of korotkoff is heard as tapping sounds and this can be a sign of turbulent flow

A

true

Cardiovascular Physiology 🫀 (3 decks)

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