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PHGY 210 > CARDIOVASCULAR PHYSIOLOGY > Flashcards

CARDIOVASCULAR PHYSIOLOGY Flashcards

1
Q

briefly explain compliance?

A

its the ability of a structure to stretch

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2
Q

what is the equation for compliance?

A

Delta V/ delta P

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3
Q

what is the maximum arterial pressure reached during peak of ventricular ejection?

A

systolic pressure

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4
Q

what is the minimum arterial pressure reached during peak of ventricular ejection?

A

diastolic pressure

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5
Q

what is pulse pressure?

A

difference in pressure between systolic and diastolic pressure

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6
Q

which process lasts longer; systole or diastole?

A

diastole lasts around twice as long as systole

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7
Q

what is the main function of the cardiovascular system?

A

transport

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8
Q

who/what doesn’t require a cardiovascular system and why?

A

single cell organisms don’t need it since they can transport 02, waste, food, etc through simple diffusion

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9
Q

what is diffusion?

A

Spontaneous movement of particles caused by random thermal movement

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10
Q

what can be determined using fick’s law?

A

flow

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11
Q

what is the equation for flow

A

flow= diffusion coefficent * Delta C * Area

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12
Q

what is flux?

A

flow/Area

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13
Q

how many vessels do insects have?

A

1 (dorsal aorta)

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14
Q

do insects have blood?

A

no, they have haemolyph

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15
Q

what type of circulation do insects have? open or closed?

A

open circulation, thus the fluid is not contained within the circulation system

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16
Q

how is the haemolyph circulated through the insects body

A

it enters the heart (each individual pump) and will percolate through the body and will then be taken back up by ostrium (pores)

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17
Q

in piscine circulation, how many chambers are there?

A

2 (atrium and ventricle)

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18
Q

in piscine circulation, is it open/closed circulation?

A

closed

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19
Q

in piscine circulation, is it single or double looped?

A

single

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20
Q

in piscine circulation, how does the blood circulate

A

atrium –> ventricles –> gills

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21
Q

in piscine circulation, where do 02/CO2 exchanges take place?

A

at the gills

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22
Q

in amphibian and reptile circulation, how many chambers are there?

A

3

L/R atrium, single ventricle

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23
Q

in amphibian and reptile circulation, what type pf blood flows in the systemic circulation?

A

deoxygenated

from RA –> VENTRICLE

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24
Q

in amphibian and reptile circulation, what type pf blood flows in the PULMONARY circulation?

A

from skin and lung to the LA

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25
Q

in amphibian and reptile circulation, do bloods mix when taken into the single ventricle

A

no, the oxygenated blood from the pulmonary circuit is brought to the body and the deoxygenated blood from the systemic circuit is brought to the lungs

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26
Q

what reptile circulation differs from the normal reptile circulatory system?

A

crocodiles

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27
Q

in avian and mammalian circulation, is the system open or closed?

A

closed

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28
Q

in avian and mammalian circulation, how many chambers are there

A

4
R/L ATRIUM
R/L VENTRICLE

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29
Q

in avian and mammalian circulation, what type of circulation occurs ont he right side of the heart?

A

pulmonary circuit

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30
Q

in avian and mammalian circulation, what type of circulation occurs ont he left side of the heart?

A

systemic

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31
Q

what is haemodynamics?

A

Branch of physiology which deals with the forces involved in the circulation of
blood

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32
Q

what is volume?

A

amount of space occupied by blood

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33
Q

generally what is our total blood volume?

A

~5L

or 7.5% BW

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34
Q

how many L does 1 unit of blood contain?

A

0.45L

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35
Q

what is stroke volume? what is that volume?

A

stroke volume is the amount of blood being pushed through by every contraction
it is ~70 mL

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36
Q

what are the proportions of blood in our systems (vessels)

A 
60% venous
10% arteries
10% lungs
10% capillary and arterioles
10% in heart
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37
Q

what term is used to describe the venous system?

A

capitance

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38
Q

what term is used to describe the arterial system?

A

resistance system

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39
Q

what is the cardiac output per minute?

A

5000 mL/ minute

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40
Q

what does blood flow ensure?

A

that the rate at which blood flow into various body stsems of the blood is adequately recieved

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41
Q

in what state should the blood flow be between the cardiac output of the left/right heart?

A

in equilibrium

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42
Q

what is the venous return?

A

flow of blood that enters the heart

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43
Q

when giving blood what is the general blood flow?

A

45 mL/minute

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44
Q

what is the equation for blood flow?

A

flow= V/T

or Flow= area * velocitu

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45
Q

what are some factors that can contribute to blood flow?

A

velocity of the flow

cross sectional area of the blood vessel

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46
Q

in blood circulation, what acts are the exchange vessels?

A

capillaries

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47
Q

how do vessels change awe advance through the system?

A

aorta> arteries > arterioles > capillaries < venials< veins< vena cava

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48
Q

what happens to the area due to branching?

A

the cross sectional area increases

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49
Q

what happens to the flow of blood through every levels of branching?

A

it stays the same

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50
Q

what must happen in order for blood flow to stay constant when area increases?

A

the velocity will decrease

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51
Q

what are some advantages of branching in the venous system?

A

high total area in the capillaries and decreased velocity allows to preserve the capillaries and let enough time pass for the capillaries to unload O2

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52
Q

what happens to resistance if the cross sectional area increases?

A

the resistance will drop

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53
Q

in what units is pressure usually measured in

A

mm Hg or cm H20

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54
Q

generally what is our blood pressure (numbers)

A

120/80 mm Hg

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55
Q

what happens if there is constant pressure everywhere?

A

no flow

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56
Q

what happens to pressure as we move from inlet to outlet?

A

the pressure continuously drops

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57
Q

why if flow created?

A

because Pressure inlet > Pressure outlet

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58
Q

what is needed in order to allow to move in a constant direction?

A

opposing forces (frictional force)

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59
Q

what explains loss of pressure as we move from inlet to outlet?

A

frictional forces are converted to heat which dissipates which explains the loss of pressure

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60
Q

what is the average pressure in the aorta?

A

100 mm Hg

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61
Q

in arteries which pressure is greater pulmonary or systemic?

A

arterial pressure im the systemic system is greater

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62
Q

how can the pressure be described in arteries versus in vessels?

A

arteries: cyclic
vessels: oscillation

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63
Q

what is hydrostatic pressure

A

Pressure exerted by a fluid at

equilibrium at a given point within the fluid, due to the force of gravity

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64
Q

what is the equation for pressure

A

Force/ Area= F/A= density (rho)* H *g

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65
Q

how many pascales are needed for 1 cm H20?

A

98 Pa

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66
Q

the blood pressure is greater in veins or arteries?

A

arteries

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67
Q

in cardiovascular physiology, what is the atmospheric pressure said to be?

A

O

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68
Q

what was used to measure pressure and give the unit for mm Hg?

A

mercury sphygmomanometer

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69
Q

what is the perfusion pressure?

A

pressure inlet - pressure outlet or arterial pressure - venous pressure

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70
Q

what happens if there is no perfusion pressure?

A

there is no flow

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71
Q

what is needed in order to have flow

A

delt Pressure not equal to zero

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72
Q

which blood move quicker; central of vessel or wall of vessel?

A

center of the wall

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73
Q

how can the blood flow be described?

A

parabolic

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74
Q

what did poiseuille’s law state?

A

flow= delta P/R

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75
Q

what is the equation for resistance?

A

R= 8* piL viscosity/r^4

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76
Q

what is resistance proportional to?

A

length of vessel

viscosity

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77
Q

when is the resistance higher; in active arm or a arm at rest

A

in resting arm since blood vessels are constricted= smaller area

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78
Q

does the perfusion pressure differ for organs that work in series?

A

no, perfusion pressure are constant

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79
Q

what happens to the resistance when put in series?

A

the resistance increases

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80
Q

what happens to the overall resistance in a system in parallel?

A

it drops

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81
Q

which is stronger/througher between vein and artery?

A

Artery

82
Q

what is the equation for compliance?

A

Delta V/ Delta P

or compliance= 1/slope

83
Q

which volume is greater; inside veins or inside A?

A

inside veins

84
Q

how is the resistance in the great vessels?

A

low due to big cross sectional area

85
Q

what are the great vessels

A 
SVC
 IVC
 R pulmonary A
 L pulmonary A
 Pulmonary trunk
 L pulmonary Veins 
R pulmonary veins 
Aorta
86
Q

what separates the L and R atrium?

A

interatrial septum

87
Q

what separates the Left and righ ventricles?

A

interventricular septum

88
Q

the free wall of which ventricle is thicker?

A

left is thicker than right

89
Q

what attaches to the papillary muscles and prevents regurgitation of blood into the atrium?

A

chordae tendinae

90
Q

what must be done in the case where the papillary muscles die due to heart attack?

A

valve must be remplaced

91
Q

what are the atrioventricular valves?

A

tricuspid and bicusip (mitral)

92
Q

where are the semilunar valves found?

A

outlet of the ventricles

93
Q

what are the semilunar valves?

A

aortic

pulmonary

94
Q

what lines the outside of the heart?

A

epicardium. It’s a though fibrous sac

95
Q

what is the function of the fluid in the epicardium sac?

A

lubricate heart and allow for fluid movement

96
Q

what lines the inside of the heart?

A

Endocardium composed of endothelial cells

97
Q

how does the electrical system of the heart function?

A

through a specialized activation system

98
Q

how are the Action potentials spread through out the heart?

A

SA node –> AV node –> bundle of his –> L/R bundle branches –> purkinje ibers

99
Q

where is the SA node located? be specific!

A

in RA near opening of SVC

100
Q

next to what structure are the L/R bundle branches located?

A

on each side the the interventricular septum

101
Q

is the activation simultaneous between the L/R ventricles?

A

yes

102
Q

where does the purkinje fibers network terminate?

A

terminates on the epicardial muscle

103
Q

what are intercalated discs?

A

microscopic identifying features of cardiac muscle that connect cardiac muscle cells

104
Q

what does the intercalated disc support?

A

synchronized cotraction of the cardiac muscle

105
Q

what is the function of the gap junction?

A

it connects the cytoplasm of 2 different cells

106
Q

briefly explain the local circuit currents of the heart

A

Cell A us activated an contains an action potential, cell b is in a rested state. a cellular current will remove some charges from the resting B charge in order to depolarize it

107
Q

what are a few important factors to consider about local circuit currents?

A

all species have ion flow
Negatively charged ions also flow, but in the opposite direction
A Repolarization wave will follow the depolarization wave

108
Q

what is required in order for propagation of local circuit currents to take place?

A

intra and extracellular flows of currents

109
Q

how is an ECG set up?

A

Leads are put onto two point (red and black +/-) and voltmeter will measure the voltage by calculating the difference between two given points in the body

110
Q

what type of recording is provided by an ECG?

A

extracellular recording

111
Q

what is voltage?

A

the difference in potential?

112
Q

what lead is put to zero and serves as a reference point?

A

right lead

113
Q

what is the wave complex of an ECG?

A

p wave
QRS complex
T wave

114
Q

what wave corresponds to the AP fired from the SA node?

A

None, there is no way to know from an ECG if the SA node is fine

115
Q

what is denoted by the P wave

A

1st half: activation of the RA

2nd half: activation of the LA

116
Q

why is the AV node essential to the heart?

A

the heart muscle is not excitble, hence without it i the atriums and ventricles would not be activated

117
Q

is activity denoted at the AV node, bundle of his, bundle branches or purkinje fibers?

A

no

118
Q

what evidence shows that the purkinje fibers exist thrrough the activation of the septum?

A

the presence of the Q wave

119
Q

what gives rise to the R wave?

A

simultaneous activation of L/R ventricles

120
Q

what causes the S wave?

A

the delayed activation of 3-4 areas of the ventricles are activated

121
Q

what wave is created by the repolarization of the ventricles?

A

T wave

122
Q

how can a lead be described?

A
  • Used to describe the electron itself

- o Combination of electrodes taken to the voltmeter

123
Q

what can be constructued with a 12 lead ECG?

A

entire 3D electrocardiogram since ECG is obtained in two different plane

124
Q

from a 12 lead ECG what are some information that can be obtained?

A
  • aVR :T wave can be inverted and is totally fine along with only Q wave
  • V3: no Q wave: RS complex only
  • V2: lack P wave
125
Q

how is the resting potential in ventricles compared to in neurons?

A

more hyperpolarized

126
Q

how does the difference in AP differ between ventricles and nerves/skeletal cells

A

much longer in the ventricles (o.3 vs 0.1 ms)

127
Q

how many different species of ion channels are there in cardiac cells?

A

~ 20 different

128
Q

what ions are the channels in the cardiac cells specific for?

A

Na and Ca2+

129
Q

what happens to the permeability of Na and Ca as AP increases?

A

the permeability also increases

130
Q

what state are the channels in at rest?

A

closed state

131
Q

at rest what is the cardiac cell membrane highly permeable to?

A

K+

132
Q

what happens when the K+ channels close?

A

allows for Ca2+ to move in

133
Q

which channel between sodium and calcium closes more rapidly when activated

A

sodium

134
Q

What generatees the sinus node AP?

A

influx of Ca2+ into the cell is what generates the upstroke

135
Q

is their a resting potential in the SA node?

A

no, these act as the pacemaker cells of the heat

136
Q

what is the SA and AV node AP considered to be in terms of speed?

A

slow AP

137
Q

What is the speed of propagation in the SA nodes when firing an AP?

A

0.01-0.05 m/sec

138
Q

are their sodium channels present in the sinus?

A

no

139
Q

what parts of the heart have fast ap?

A
  • Ventricular muscles
  • Atrial muscles
  • Bundle of his
  • Bundle branches
  • Purkinje fibers
140
Q

What is a fast AP?

A

0.5-5m/s

141
Q

what is a cardiac arythmia?

A

disturbance of heart rate

142
Q

what is regulated in coronary autoregulation?

A

the coronary flow adjusts to maintain adequate flow in the heart when the pressures decrease

143
Q

the pulmonary vascular resistance is measure based on which part of the heart?

A

left heart

144
Q

what is the pulmonary perfusion pressure?

A

10 mm Hg

145
Q

what is the atrial perfusion pressure?

A

100 mm Hg

146
Q

is the cardiac output the same or different between the aortic and pulmonary circuits?

A

same

147
Q

what is the resistance in the pulmonary circuit as opposed to the systemic?

A

resistance is decreased by ~10X

148
Q

how can the mean arterial pressure be changed?

A

must change one or more of the following variables
heart rate
total peripheral resistance
stroke volume

149
Q

why is arterial BP important?

A

Arterial BP drives the flow of blood throughout the entire system

150
Q

what is kept constant by organs despite fluctuations of pressure and how?

A

blood flow is kept constant by autoregulating the resistance to flow

151
Q

how do organs minimize fluctuation in arterial pressure?

A

through neurohormonal control

152
Q

what is the benefit of using the oscillimetric method to calculate BP?

A

indirect thus no harm, also easily to understand and read; no need to be knowledgable about BP to understand how to use it

153
Q

what is calculated during oscillimetric method of BP measurement?

A

the slope is used to calculate both the systolic and diastolic BP

154
Q

what is listened to during auscultation method of measuring BP?

A

the korotkoff sounds

155
Q

when can sounds be heard in the auscultations method?

A

sound is only produced when arteries are partially occluded.

156
Q

how are the korotkoff sounds produced?

A

the sounds are produced by the passage from a small cross sectional area to a large cross sectional area causing for flow to become turbulent

157
Q

can sounds be heard if arteries are fully occluded or fully opened?

A

no sounds can be heard

158
Q

what instrument is used to listen to the sounds when measuring BP?

A

stethoscope

159
Q

when is the pulse first felt during the palpitation method?

A

when the arterial pressure > pressure in the Cuff

160
Q

what A is used to feel the pulse in the palpation method?

A

radial a.

161
Q

using the palpation method, the pressure peak is a good approximation of what pressure?

A

of the systolic pressure

162
Q

what instrument is used to measure blood pressure in palpation?

A

aneroid sphygmomanometer

163
Q

what inspired the function of the aneroid sphygmomanometer?

A

the mercury sphygmomanometer

164
Q

is their fluid in the aneroid gauge?

A

no fluid

165
Q

what are the indirect methods to measure blood pressure?

A

palpation
ausultation
oscillation method

166
Q

what is a direct method of measuing BP?

A

puncture of A. based on the Hydrostatic pressures

167
Q

what happens to arteries over time?

A

the arteries become stiffer, thus less complient

168
Q

what is th windkessel effect?

A

it implies the elastic mechanism of the major blood vessels which lessen the flucuating effects of BP during diastole ejection

169
Q

what is accounted for in the wind kessel effect?

A

-shape of arterial wave form in terms of the interactions of the stroke volume and compliance of the aorta

170
Q

when talking about blood pressure what what are we actually measuing?

A

the systemic blood low in the big arteries

171
Q

what happens to BP in the diastolic phase?

A

it decreases

172
Q

what is pumped by the lV for the first 1/3 of cardiac contractions?

A

70 mL of blood into the aorta gets pumped from the LV

173
Q

what is the max pressure?

A

systolic pressure

174
Q

what is the min pressure?

A

diastolic pressure

175
Q

what is pulse pressure?

A

systolic pressure - diastolic pressure

176
Q

what is the value for mean pressure?

A

100mm Hg

177
Q

what does the sarling’s law of the heart state?

A

if the volume in the ventricle increases, the the stroke volume will be greater; thus greater extension of heart fibers= greater squeeze of the heat

178
Q

how is the pressure in the right ventricle compared to the left ventricle?

A

smaller

179
Q

how is the pressure in the great arteries on the right side of the heart compared to the left side?

A

smaller

180
Q

what is stroke volume?

A

the output of blood ejected through each pump of the heart (70 mL)

181
Q

what is end diastolic volume a good index of?

A

preload

182
Q

what is preload?

A

Preload is the amount of blood the veins return to the heart before contraction

183
Q

what is the ejection fraction?

A

Ejection fraction= stroke volume/ end diastolic volume = 0.6 ~ 60%

184
Q

what is the cardiac output’?

A

Cardiac output= heart rate x stoke volume = 5 L/min

185
Q

what is the heart rate in sinus bradycardia?

A

<60 bpm

186
Q

how would the waves look on the grid sheet during sinus bradycardia?

A

the wave would take > 1 second to be completed

187
Q

in what type of people is sinus bradycardia common?

A

athletic people

188
Q

when does our heart beat naturally drop below 60 BPM?

A

when we are sleeping

189
Q

what is sinus tachycardia?

A

when BPM > 100

190
Q

What may cause sinus tachycardia?

A

can be of physiological or pathological reasons (such as fever)

191
Q

what is a sinus arrhythmia?

A

a heart beat that is either too fast or too slow

192
Q

what happens in a 2:1 AV block?

A

every 2nd P wave is not followed by a QRS wave

193
Q

what causes AV block?

A

SA node has been depolarized hence it means that the conduction is either stopped in the AV node, bundle of his or L/R bundle branches

194
Q

what is used to ensure proper contraction an avoid AV block?

A

electronic pace maker

195
Q

what happens in complete AV block

A

nerve impulse generated in the sinoatrial node (SA node) in the atrium of the heart does not propagate to the ventricles.

196
Q

what waves can be observed in compelte av block?

A

atrial repolarization waves

197
Q

how many pacemakers are required in complete AV block?

A

2

subsidiary pacemaker and electronic pace maker

198
Q

what demonstrates a complete AV block?

A

lack of relation between P and QRS waves

199
Q

what is a subsidary pacemaker?

A

second source of rythmic control of the heart which is availible for controlling cardiac activity if the SA pacemaker fails

200
Q

what is the rate of the subsidary pace maker compared to the SA node?

A

smaller

201
Q

what happens to the heart beat due to presence of 2 different pacemakers?

A

2 different beats can be detected

PHGY 210 (11 decks)

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