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Cardiac > Cardiovascular Physiology > Flashcards

Cardiovascular Physiology Flashcards

1
Q

where is the major site for control of blood pressure?

A

arterioles

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2
Q

what’s another name for arteries?

A

resistance vessels?

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3
Q

what’s another name for capacitance vessels?

A

veins!

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4
Q

which has lower pressure?pulmonoic or systemic?

A

pulmonic!

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5
Q

what is the primary regulator of ristance

A

fourth power of ristance

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6
Q

Cardiac output increasses

A

if MAP increases or TPR decreases

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7
Q

the blood flowing into capillaries is controlled where?

A

in the arterioles

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8
Q

Precapillary sphincters

are innervated or not?

A

these are at the origin of capillaries, and aren’t innervated

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9
Q

are there smooth muscle cells at exchange sites in capillaries

A

NO!!!!

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10
Q

filtration

A

the net hyrostatic driving force for fluid leaving the capilary

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11
Q

equation for net hydrostatic driving force

A

pressure of the hydrostatic which is pushing lfuid out =pressure in the interstilal fluid hydrostatic

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12
Q

osmotic formula

A

interstial fluid - oncotic pressure in the vesssels

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13
Q

filtration is positive,

fitration is negative

A

positive, we’re pushing fluid out

negative wer’re pushing lfuid in

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14
Q

if the sum of these factors is zero,

A

no net fluid movement.

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15
Q

the net fluid flux

A

kf, * (Pc iPi = pii -pic)`

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16
Q

parasymapthetics affect ventricular contractility or vascular smooth muscle contraction

A

NO!!!ZZ

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17
Q

Why do membranes have a large resistance

A

it’s due to lipids in the membrane

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18
Q

g and I relationship

A

increase in conductance, increases the current,

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19
Q

the magnitude of the resting potential is due to

A

distribution of ions across the cell

selective conductance of the ion

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20
Q

what are glia

A

supporting cells

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21
Q

oligondendrocytes

A

form myelin and insulate neurons in the CNS`

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22
Q

schwann cells

A

glia that form myelin and insualte neurons in the PNS

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23
Q

astroglia

A

glia that regulate the composition of the extracellular fluid in the CNS

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24
Q

microglia,

A

macrophage like cell that helps with immune functions in the CNS

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25
Q

true or false action potentials have a constant amplitude

A

true

26
Q

absolute refractory period

A

a period of time after the generation of an action potential during which a second action potential cannot be generated no matter how large the stimulus.

27
Q

The transition of the sodium channel from the inactivated state to the closed state? requires what???

A

repolarization of the membrane potential.

28
Q

relative refractory period

A

during this period of time a second action potential can be generated but it takes a greater stimulus than normal.
some sodium channels are in the closed state, but some potassium channels still remain open. thus any sodium entering the cell to depolarize will be counteracted by potassium leaving the cell.

29
Q

myelin

A

insulates neurons,

30
Q

nodes of ranvier,

A

spaces in myelin where action potentials occur. Voltage gated Na + channels K+ channels

31
Q

Saltatory conduction

A

action potentials in myelinated neurons occur at the nodes of ranvier

32
Q

large myelianted fibers - how fast

vs slow unmyelinated fibers

A

small diameter is slower thanlarge diameter

33
Q

molecules with high lipid bilaryer permeability

A

gases, o2 co2 n2 liphophilic moecuesl fatty acids, steroids, ethanol

34
Q

low lipid bilayer permeability

A

water

35
Q

very low lipid bilayer permaeability

A

glucose ions large charged moleecules

36
Q

pores characteristics

A

integral membranes provide a passage ofr solutes,
always opens,
bidirectional, down the concentration gradient.

37
Q

channels,

A

gated,

membrane proteins that allow passage of molecuels

38
Q

gap junctions

A

allow large molecuels to apss through

39
Q

where are gap junctions found in abundance

A

cardiac muscle, certain smooth muscles,

40
Q

carrier proteins are for `

A

facilitated transport and active transport systems

41
Q

facilitated transport

A

carrier protein for size like glucose into RBC adipose tissue skeletal muscle, heart
urea transport in kidneys
carrier protein
no energy, down concentration gradient

42
Q

what kind of molecuels for facilitated transport?

A

large nonpolar molecules

43
Q

order pores channels and carriers from slow to fast

A

carriers slowest only 1-2 percycle,

channels, wait for stsimuli to open gate,
and passage through selectivity filter

pores cause its always open and solutes can freely pass through the water filled pore.

44
Q

Na potassium pump

A

3 sodium out, 2 potasssium in via 1 atp

45
Q

Ca2+ atpase function

A 
responsible for maintianing low concentration of calcium in the cytosol. 
function kick calcium out
46
Q

H+ atpase,

A

pumps H_ into organelle

47
Q

sodium/glucose cotransporter

A

found in the epithelial cells of the GI tract and proximal tubule of the kidneu!

48
Q

cotransporter

A

solute and driving ion are transported in the same direction

49
Q

sodium organic transporters

A

transport aa, or neurotransmitters

50
Q

contertransport

A

sodium calcium
for maintaining low calcium concentrations in cardiac muscle

h+/neurotransmitter u.

51
Q

transceullar transport

A

transport across a cell

52
Q

paracellular

A

transport between cells

53
Q

function of tight junctions

A

structures found between epithelial cells that prevent the passage of molecules and ions between cells

54
Q

how is sodium transported into epithelial cells?

A

across the luminal membrane via secondary active transport and channels

55
Q

how is sodium transported out of the cell across the basolateral embrane?

A

Na+/K+ATPase

56
Q

how is glucose transproted across the membrane??

A

via Na/glucose cotransport…

glucose is trasnported across the basolateral membrane by facilitated diffusion.

57
Q

excitatory neurotransmitters

A

glutamate and aspartate

58
Q

inhibitory neurotransmitters

A

glycine and GABA

59
Q

neurotransmitters

A

primary chemical messengers usually smal molecules

60
Q

neuromodualtors

A

secondary chemical messenger, co released with neurotransmitter.
usually peptides,
high frequency stimulation os often required for the release of neuromodualtors.

Cardiac (3 decks)

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