Cardiovascular Physiology

Question 1

Why do we have a cardiovascular system

Answer 1

• diffusion is not efficient and effective enough
• to xchange materials between cells

Question 2

What is the steep concentration gradient

Answer 2

Something that circulation provides in order for materials to be exchanged between cells at a rapid pace

Question 3

What creates blood flow?

Answer 3

Differences in blood pressure

Question 4

What is hydrostatic pressure

Answer 4

The pressure exerted by fluid

Question 5

What happens if there is no difference in pressure in the blood?

Answer 5

There will be no blood flow

Question 6

What creates the pressure gradient in the body?

Answer 6

Contraction of heart chambers, hydrostatic pressure in blood vessels and heart chambers

Question 7

What determines resistance to bblood flow

Answer 7

Viscousity of blood, length and diameter of the blood vessel

Question 8

Term to describe the friction between molecules of flowing fluid. This creates resistance in the blood

Answer 8

Viscosity

Question 9

What does laminar flow mean

Answer 9

Blood is flowing smoothly

Question 10

Transitional flow

Answer 10

Blood flow that occurs after any transition in blood flow

Question 11

Transitional flow

Answer 11

Occurs when a chamber is about to split into two or more channels. There are lots of cells going in many directions and the flow of blood is not smooth

Question 12

Function of the cardiovascular system

Answer 12

-To deliver oxygen and nutrients
-remove waste pdts of metabolism
-thermoregulation
-immune response

Question 13

How is fast, chemical signalling happen in the body

Answer 13

Hormones nd neurotransmittors travel in the blood stream

Question 14

What does veins carry? What do arteries carry?

Answer 14

Veins: poorly oxygenated blood and waste
Arteries: oxygenated blood and nutrients

Question 15

What are the 4 chambers of the heart?

Answer 15

2 atria and 2 ventricles

Question 16

What are the differences between atrium and ventricles

Answer 16

Ventriculars contain more muscle and is more thick in comparison to atrium

Question 17

Interatiral septum

Answer 17

Thin wall that divides left and ride atria

Question 18

Interventrical septa

Answer 18

Muscular wall that seperates left and right ventricle

Question 19

Series flow vs parallel flow

Answer 19

Series flow is flow within the cardiovascular system while parallel flow is within the systematic circuit (most organs)

Question 20

Pericardium

Answer 20

Fibroud sac surrounding the heart and roots of the vessels

Question 21

What are some functions of the pericardium?

Answer 21

• protect the heart from external pressure and infection, holds heart in place, secretes pericardial fluid, controls the amount of fluid in the pericardial space

Question 22

What is the purpose of pericardial fluid

Answer 22

The fluid helps reduce friction when the heart beats

Question 23

What are the three layers of the pericardial structure

Answer 23

• fibrous pericardium
• parietal
• visceral/epicardium

Question 24

Condition in which the pericardium is inflated and produces more fluid

Answer 24

Pericarditis

Question 25

What happens if there is a decrease in ventricularr filling?

Answer 25

There will be improper filling of blood in the ventricles

Question 26

What happens during cardiac tamponade?

Answer 26

The chambers of the heart compress due to an excessive accumulation of pericardial fluid

Question 27

Although ventricles tend to be thicker in muscle that the atria, which ventricle isthicker in mucle?

Answer 27

The left ventricle

Question 28

Whivh ventricle pumps against gravity

Answer 28

The left ventricle

Question 29

3 components of the heart wall

Answer 29

Epicardium, myocardium, and endocardium

Question 30

Epicardium/ visceral pericardium function

Answer 30

Covers the outer surface of the heart

Question 31

Function of myocardium

Answer 31

Muscular cell wall that helps the heart contract and generate pressure

Question 32

Function of the endocardium

Answer 32

The inner lining of the valves and chambers of the heart. The smooth lining ensures the smooth flow of blood

Question 33

Term for a Cardiac muscle cell

Answer 33

Myocyte

Question 34

Intercalated disks

Answer 34

Region in which myocytes attatch together

Question 35

Cell junctions in interdigitated region

Answer 35

Desmosomes and gap junctions

Question 36

How do valves in the heart function

Answer 36

The heart valves open and close due to pressure gradients

Question 37

What happens in the valve when the pressure is greater in the FRONT of the valve then behind the valve?

Answer 37

The valve will close and remain close; preventing blood from flowing back