Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Physiology 412G > Cardiovascular Physiology > Flashcards

Cardiovascular Physiology Flashcards

1
Q

The cardiovascular system solves the problem of __________ in
_____________.
a) blood flow — muscle cells
b) transport — unicellular organisms
c) diffusion — multicellular organisms
d) oxygen transport — acid-base regulation

A

diffusion — multicellular organisms

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

__________is the volume of blood occupied by __________ .
a) Hematocrit — erythrocytes
b) Albumin — protein
c) Fuzzy layer — lymphocytes
d) Cardiac output — plasma

A

Hematocrit — erythrocytes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Which of the following statements is correct?
a) The AV valves open when the atria contract.
b) The aortic and AV valves open simultaneously.
c) The AV valves open when the ventricles contract.
d) The AV valves close when the ventricles contract.

A

The AV valves close when the ventricles contract

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

In contrast to arterial vessels, veins have:
a) thinner walls.
b) more smooth muscle.
c) higher resistance.
d) thicker endothelium.

A

Thinner walls

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What are the purposes of the cardiovascular system?

A

Regulation of body temperature
Fluid homeostasis
Control of O2/nutrient supply

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What is the evolutionary need for a circulatory system?

A

Small organisms with no circulatory system are able to use diffusion for their metabolic needs. Due to the larger size and complexity of multicellular organisms, the cardiovascular system is an evolutionary consequence that allows our bodies to exchange compounds through these very large distances.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What are the two components of blood?

A

Plasma and Cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What are the functions of blood?

A

Delivery of metabolic substrates
Removal of metabolic waste
Defense against invading microorganisms/injury
Maintenance of acid/base balance

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Serum

A

Plasma without clotting factors

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Two groups of plasma proteins

A

Albumin and Globulins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Where are most plasma proteins produced from?

A

Liver

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Where are antibodies (immunoglobulins, a type of plasma protein) produced from?

A

Plasma cells during an immune response

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Cellular elements of the blood

A

Erythrocytes (RBCs)
Leukocytes (WBCs)
Platelets

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Where do blood cells originate?

A

STEM cells in the bone marrow

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Two blood cell lineages

A

Lymphoid
Myeloid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Lymphoid cells

A

B and T lymphocytes, natural killer cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Myeloid cells

A

Erythrocytes
Leukocytes (monocytes, neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils)
Platelets

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Purpose of Erythrocytes

A

Carrying O2 from lungs to tissues
Carrying CO2 from tissues to lungs
Buffering of acids and bases

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Purpose of Leukocytes

A

Involved in inflammation and immune responses

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Purpose of Platelets

A

Involved in hemostasis/blood clotting

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What is hematocrit?

A

The fraction of the blood occupied by erythrocytes (a measure of erythrocyte concentration)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Thrombocytopenia

A

Too few platelets
Increases the risk of abnormal bleeding

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Thrombocytosis

A

Too many platelets
Increases the risk of abnormal clotting

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Methods that achieve hemostasis:

A

Vasoconstriction
Increased tissue pressure
Platelet plug formation in capillary bleeding
Coagulation/Clot formation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Process of platelets plugging small breaches

A

Adhesion: surface platelet receptors bind to ligands present around tissue damage
Activation: triggered by the binding, platelets secrete contents of cytoplasmic granules, which recruit and activate more platelets
Aggregation: platelets will aggregate and join, forming a mass that covers the endothelial defect

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Blood Clot

A

Semisolid mass of serum, platelets, erythrocytes, and leukocytes in a mesh of fibrin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Thrombus

A

Blood clot inside a vessel

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Procoagulant Forces

A

Platelet adhesion
Platelet aggregation
Fibrin clot formation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Anticoagulant Forces

A

Natural inhibitors of coagulation and fibrinolysis

30
Q

Extrinsic Clotting Pathway

A

Tissue factor (blood contacts a negatively charged surface)

31
Q

Intrinsic Clotting Pathway

A

Contact activation (blood contacts damaged cell membranes)

32
Q

Explain the process of the clotting pathway

A

Trigger event (either extrinsic or intrinsic) initiates a chain reaction
Plasma proteins are activated by enzymes
Enzyme converts prothrombin into thrombin, which will initiate a positive feedback loop by amplifying the clotting cascade
Thrombin will also convert fibrinogen into loose and stabilized fibrin, which will form a mesh that traps platelets and erythrocytes

33
Q

Antithrombotic mechanisms

A

Prevent clotting under normal circumstances – makes sure that there is only clotting where there is injury

34
Q

What is the purpose of endothelial cells in clotting?

A

Produce prostacyclin, nitric oxide, and other factors that will inhibit platelet binding, secretion, and aggregation.
Produce antithrombin which will inhibit thrombin and other clotting factors.
Activate fibrinolytic mechanisms by producing tissue- and urokinase-type plasminogen activator, which will convert plasminogen to plasmin

35
Q

Plasmin

A

A protease that breaks down fibrin and allows a clot to be dissolved

36
Q

Right Heart

A

Low pressure, Pulmonary circulation

37
Q

Left Heart

A

High pressure, Systemic circulation

38
Q

Why does the left ventricle have a much higher pressure than the right?

A

The left ventricular wall is much thicker than the right (12-15mm)

39
Q

Pulmonary Circulation

A

Low-pressure blood flow to the lungs – thin right ventricular walls

40
Q

Systemic Circulation

A

High-pressure blood flow to the body (except the lungs) – thick left ventricular walls

41
Q

Right Atria BF

A

Receives blood from the systemic circulation –> Pumps blood into the right ventricle

42
Q

Left Atria BF

A

Receives blood from the pulmonary circulation –> Pumps blood to the left ventricle

43
Q

Right Ventricle BF

A

Receives blood from the right atrium –> Pumps blood to the pulmonary circulation

44
Q

Left Ventricle BF

A

Receives blood from the left atrium –> Pumps blood to the systemic circulation

45
Q

Why is cardiac flow unidirectional?

A

Valves open in one direction only

46
Q

What are the 4 heart valves?

A

AV valves (Tricuspid/Right and Mitral/Left)
Aortic valve
Pulmonary Valve

47
Q

Tricuspid Valve

A

Right (3 cusps)

48
Q

Mitral Valve

A

Left (2 cusps)

49
Q

What is the purpose of the cusps/leaflets in the AV valves?

A

Upper ends are attached to rings in fibrous cardia skeleton; Lower ends attached to papillary muscles which hold the cusps in place during ventricular contraction and prevent prolapse into the atria; Cusps will create a tight seal that will help blood flow go into the correct direction

50
Q

How does blood leave the Right Ventricle?

A

Through the pulmonary valve

51
Q

How does blood leave the Left Ventricle?

A

Through the aortic valve

52
Q

What happens during Ventricular Relaxation?

A

AV valves open and blood flows from higher pressure in the atria to lower pressure in the ventricles

53
Q

What happens during Ventricular Contraction?

A

Ventricular pressure increases, AV valves close, Semilunar valves open, Blood flows into systemic (left) and pulmonary (right) circulations

54
Q

What happens after Ventricular Contraction?

A

Pressure drops, Pulmonary and Aortic valves close (preventing backflow)

55
Q

3 Layers of the Heart Wall

A

Epicardium
Myocardium
Endocardium

56
Q

Pericardium

A

Double-walled membranous sac that encloses the heart and prevents displacement of the heart as well as infection and inflammation. It also contains pain receptors and mechanoreceptors

57
Q

Epicardium

A

Outer layer of the heart; A smooth surface that allows cardiac movement within the pericardium

58
Q

Myocardium

A

Thickest layer; Composed of cardiac muscle anchored to the heart’s fibrous skeleton

59
Q

Endocardium

A

Lines the inside of the atria and ventricles; Composed of connective tissue and a layer of squamous cells; Continuous with the vascular endothelium that creates a continuous circulatory system

60
Q

Cardiomyocytes

A

Excitable cells (carry out action potentials) in the cardiac muscle (included in the myocardium)

61
Q

Blood Vessels

A

Arteries
Capillaries
Veins

62
Q

Arteries

A

Large: elastic, little resistance, sustain blood flow during diastole
Small (arterioles): muscular, high resistance, regulate blood flow to specific areas

63
Q

Capillaries

A

One cell layer thick (endothelium)
Exchange with tissues (diffusion)

64
Q

Veins

A

Thin, low-resistance vessels

65
Q

What does blood distribution depend on?

A

The output of the left ventricle and by the contractile state of the arterioles of different vascular regions

66
Q

Principle of Blood Volume

A

Blood is volume is constant, if volume increases in one area it must decrease in another area

67
Q

Arterial pressure is _______

A

Pulsative
(due to the pumping action of the heart)

68
Q

Venules

A

Collect the blood after the capillaries, then join larger veins that form a very low resistance pathway back to the heart

69
Q

Lymph

A

Extra fluid in the interstitial space due to the capillary-tissue exchange. It will return to the cardiovascular system via the lymphatic system

70
Q
A

Physiology 412G (7 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions