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Phgy 210 > Cardiovascular Physiology > Flashcards

Cardiovascular Physiology Flashcards

1
Q

What are the functions of the Cardiovascular System?

A
  • Bringing nutrients into the body (e.g. intestine to liver)
  • Bringing fuel to cells (e.g. glucose from the liver to brain)
  • Bringing 02 to cells from lungs
  • Removal of waste products (e.g. C02 to lungs, ammonia in liver –> urea –> kidneys)
  • Circulation of hormones (e.g. adrenaline from adrenal glands –> heart muscle)
  • Circulation of immune cells and antibodies
  • regulation of pH (e.g. lungs, kidney)
  • H20 balance (e.g. exercise, dehydration, over-hydration)
  • Thermoregulation (e.g. exercise, hyperthermia, hypothermia)
    Transport
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2
Q

If someones heart stops, how long do you have to revive them?

A

About 4 minutes

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3
Q

Does the brain and heart have internal storage of energy?

A

No they do not - so they need energy/fuel given.

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4
Q

Is muscle efficient?

A

No

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5
Q

Who doesn’t need a cardiovascular system? Describe them.

A
  • Amoeba does not
  • Very small - .3 millimetres
  • Has pseudo legs - takes bacteria and process it, does not need cardiovascular system. Organism that lives in water - oxygen in water - uses it up. Extracts oxygen molecules and has a concentration gradient. It has a higher concentration outside the organism.
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6
Q

What are the three types of muscle?

A
  1. Cardiac muscle
  2. Smooth muscle
  3. Skeletal muscle
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7
Q

What is the percentage of heart cells vs pacemaker cells?

A
  • There are 99% heart cells, contract forces which does the pumping.
  • 1% pacemaker cells.
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8
Q

Why is oxygen consumption of heart higher than skeletal muscles in body?

A

It is because it is working all of the time.

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9
Q

In the cell, where is 02 high?

A

02 is in high concentration around capillaries. This is close to the centre of the cell so it does not have to go far. When the concentrations change in a big amount over a small amount, this increases the rate of diffusion.

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10
Q

Define ‘Diffusion’?

A

The spontaneous movement of particles caused by random thermal motion.

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11
Q

What is Fick’s Law - Diffusion?

A

“stuff” per unit time (e.g. mol s^(-1)
Flow = D x concentration gradient x A
D= diffusion coefficient
Flow = d ((Cout-Cin)/d) x A
flux = flow/area = D x ((Cout-Cin)/d)
D(C02) = 20 x D02 (in water)

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12
Q

Describe the circulation of an Insect:

A
  • There is open circulation - systems where blood, rather than being sealed tight in arteries and veins, suffuses the body and may be directly open to the environment at places such as the digestive tract
  • The fluid pumped is hemolymph, not blood
  • Holes are ostium - once blood flows out it goes back in through the holes
  • insect blood does not have red blood cells
  • Insects get oxygen through their skin because they do not have red blood cells
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13
Q

Describe the circulation of a Piscine (Fish)

A
  • Closed circulation - blood is contained inside blood vessels and circulates unidirectionally from the heart around the systemic circulatory route, then returns to the heart again
  • Single-loop circulation
  • 2 chambers
  • Fluid is red with oxygenated blood (on right side)
  • Blue is deoxygenated blood (on left side)
  • Gills are structures in cheeks of fish which blood flows through
  • Vessels at the top are surrounded by water
  • Almost all fish does not have lungs
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14
Q

Describe the circulation of amphibians & (most) reptilian circulations:

A
  • Cold blooded (opposite to mammals that are warm)
  • Closed circulation
  • Double-loop circulation
  • 3 chambers
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15
Q

Describe the circulation of Avian and Mammalian:

A
  • Two hearts: right and left
  • Right heart: pulmonary circulation
  • Left heart: systemic circulation
  • Closed circulation
  • Double-loop circulation
  • 4 chambers
  • Septum separates ventricles so there is no mixing
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16
Q

What is the definition of Haemodynamics?

A
  • The branch of physiology dealing with the forces involved in the circulation of blood
  • The circulation and movement of blood in the body and forces involved therein
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17
Q

For a “reference man”: 70kg, what is the blood volume and how much is 1 unit of blood (measurement)?

A
  • The blood volume would be 5 L
  • 1 unit of blood is 450 mL
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18
Q

What is the function of the venous system and the arterial system?

A

Venous system: capacitance
Arterial system: resistance

19
Q

What is the stroke volume?

A

stroke volume is the volume of blood pumped from the left ventricle per beat
70 mL

20
Q

Describe the Series-Parallel System:

A
  • Venous return at the right heart from brain, coronary circulation, kidney, GI System, Skeletal Muscle, Skin
  • Cardiac output into the lungs from the right heart
  • Venous return from lungs to the left heart
  • Cardiac output from the left heart to brain, coronary circulation, kidney, GI System, Skeletal Muscle, Skin
21
Q

How is blood flow measured?

A

-Flow is measured in volume/time
- V/T
- mL/min; L/min

  • Example: cardiac output = 5 L min-1
  • normalized: mL/min/100 gm
22
Q

What are the major types of blood vessels?

A

Capacitance: Venule, Vein, Vena Cava
Exchange: Capillaries, Arteriole, Small Artery, Large Artery, Aorta

23
Q

Describe the Number and Dimensions of Vessels (Systemic Circulation) in terms of magnitude. (largest to smallest)
Rank; Number, Diameter, Length, Wall thickness.

A

Number: Capillaries, Venules, Arterioles, Veins, Arteries, Vena Cava, Aorta

Diameter: Vena Cava, Aorta, Veins, Arteries, Arterioles, Venules, Capillaries

Length: Aorta = Vena Cava, Veins = Arteries, Venules = Arterioles, Capillaries

Wall Thickness: Aorta, Vena Cava, Arteries, Veins, Arterioles, Venules, Capillaries

24
Q

What is an arterial tree?

A

It is the arterial branching in the kidney.

25
Q

What are the advantages of a branching network?

A

1) Any cell close to a capillary
2) A high total area of the walls of the capillaries
3) a low blood flow velocity in the capillaries
4) a high total cross-sectional area

26
Q

Rank the velocity of blood flow? Where is it the fastest and where it is the slowest.

And the total area of the vascular bed.

A

Fastest in Aorta, then Arterie, then Arteriole, Capillarie, start to go faster in Venule, then gets faster in Vein, Vena Cava.

Area is lowest in Aorta, Arterie, peaks higher in Arteriole, cappillarie, Venule, and low again for vein and vena cava.

27
Q

How do you measure pressure?

A

Pressure = Force/Area

28
Q

When would there be pressure and no flow?

A

This is when there is equal force on both side, there is no flow, and this is a static situation.
Work done on system to pressurize it, so
“pressure energy” stored in system.

29
Q

Describe how pressure changes down the systemic vascular tree: (pressure vs inside diameter)

A

There is higher pressure and large diameter in arteries, then small arteries.

Arterioles have medium pressure and smaller diameter, then capillaries have lower pressure and bigger diameter, then venules and veins have lower pressure and bigger diameter.

30
Q

Why is the pressure in pulmonary circulation way less than the systematic circulation? And describe the pressures in pulmonary circulation.

A

Systemic circulation is 5x as big because it has more cells so it creates more pressure.

Pressure is the highest in arteries, then arterioles, capillaries, venules, and veins. (from highest to lowest)

31
Q

What is hydrostatic pressure?

A
  • The pressure exerted by a fluid at equilibrium at a given point within the fluid, due to the force of gravity.
  • Force that is acting is weight of that mass (easiest to understand)
32
Q

What is atmospheric pressure?

A
  • The air around you has weight, and it presses against everything it touches. That pressure is called atmospheric pressure, or air pressure. It is the force exerted on a surface by the air above it as gravity pulls it to Earth.
    zero = atmospheric pressure
    -Fluid liquid or gas, also a fluid is atmosphere that exerts pressure
33
Q

How did Stephen Hales pressure blood pressure in 1733?

A
  • There was a hollow glass tube in the neck of the horse - blood squirts because of the arteriole pressure - blood up the tube - when it gets to a specific height it stops moving and that gives blood pressure of the horse
  • When it stops it means that the forces are equal
  • This is an example of direct method
  • you need to convert your values, by converting to mm Hg from cm of H20 (by assuming the density of water is similar to blood)
34
Q

What is an example of an indirect method to measure blood pressure?

A

Mercury Sphygmomanometer.

35
Q

How would you measure central venous pressure or right atrial pressure?

A
  • The superior vena cava is the central vein, if you pull it back that is how you would measure the central venous pressure.
  • Use a hollow glass tube.
  • Prime by making sure the line is fulled with saline and that macro metre is good to go.
  • Attach a manometer and also put saline.
36
Q

What is perfusion pressure?

A

It is pressure that governs the flow
Perfusion pressure = inlet pressure - outlet pressure
Basically just arteriole pressure - this estimation is used a lot
Arteriole blood pressure is a major controller of pressure in the organ - main determinant of the flow

37
Q

What happens if there is no perfusion pressure? What would cause this?

A

If there is no perfusion pressure, there is no flow.
If the pressure is equal, there is no flow.
There needs to be a change of pressure for there to be flow.

38
Q

What is the definition of resistance?

A

Resistance = Perfusion Pressure / Flow
Defined quantity
Have to measure the other two to find it
New unit: mm Hg min mL - 1

39
Q

What is Laminar or Parabolic Flow?

A

Sliding of laminae over one another leads to frictional or viscous losses
Lamina = plate, layer

40
Q

Describe the pressure gradient in viscous flow

A

There are frictional losses in a viscous flow: there is a generation of heat –> fall in pressure down the vessel

41
Q

What is Poiseuille’s Law?

A
  • Physical law that gives the pressure drop in an incompressible and Newtonian fluid in laminar flow flowing through a long cylindrical pipe of constant cross section
  • R = 8vL/pir^4
  • V - viscosity (internal friction) of the fluid
    v = nu
    valid for laminar flow only

Length, cross sectional area, viscosity of fluid that determines the resistance

42
Q

Describe control of vessel resistance.

A

1) Local metabolites
2) Innervation
3) Hormones
- Resistance is proportional to 1/R^4
When you decrease resistance, it increases the radius vice versa. Small changes has a big effect because of the exponent.

There is innovation that releases a neurotransmitter and that has the effect on the state of contraction of smooth muscle.
There are lots of hormones circulating in blood and acts on smooth muscle - it acts or constricts it.
Endothelium, thin level of cells, produce compounds that diffuses into smooth muscle of cell and some contract as a result of endothelial control - works on radius, diameter, and cross sectional area.

43
Q

What is the formula for resistance for vessel and organs in series? And in parallel?

A

Series: R = R1 + R2

Parallel: 1/R = 1/R1 + 1/R2 (flow would be the same if R1= R2)

44
Q

What is bulk flow/connective flow?

A
  • It is driven by pressure difference in lungs and sucks the air in. Air ends up in alveolus and it moves by diffusion. The goal is for air to get into the red blood cells. It crosses the alveolus from the interior to the interstitial space. Across the wall of the capillary to the blood plasma, cross membrane of red blood cell. Oxygen molecules forms to hemoglobin which forms molecules and then it needs to cross 6 barriers. This is driven by a concentration difference.

Blood flows and transports as bulk fluid, entire fluid moves along, not by diffusion, gets transported by process of convection.

This whole system - transports 02 and C02 by diffusion and convection.

Phgy 210 (1 decks)

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