Cardiovascular Physiology

Question 1

What is preload?

Answer 1

the pressure of blood as it returns to the ventricle/stretch on the heart before it contracts

Question 2

If we increase preload, what happens to blood volume?

Answer 2

It increases

Question 3

What is stroke volume?

Answer 3

How much blood is pumped out each beat

Question 4

What is cardiac output?

Answer 4

amount of blood ejected from the left ventricle to the aorta per minute

Question 5

What are the 3 factors regulating stroke volume?

Answer 5

Preload, Inotropy and Afterload

Question 6

what is another name for inotropy?

Answer 6

Contractility

Question 7

How would an increase in sympathetic activity affect stroke volume?

Answer 7

It would increase it

Question 8

How does increased afterload affect blood pressure?

Answer 8

Results in high blood pressure/hypertension

Question 9

What is the pressure needed to be overcome for outlet valves to open?

Answer 9

Afterload/arterial pressure

Question 10

What is bradycardia?

Answer 10

slow heart rate

Question 11

What is tachycardia?

Answer 11

fast heart rate

Question 12

What is systole?

Answer 12

when a chamber contracts and pushes out blood

Question 13

What is diastole?

Answer 13

When a chamber relaxes and fills with blood

Question 14

What causes an increase in afterload and a decrease in ejection fraction?

Answer 14

High blood pressure

Question 15

What is the end-systolic volume?

Answer 15

The amount of blood remaining in the ventricle when the outlet valves close

Question 16

What is the end-diastolic volume?

Answer 16

The amount of blood in the ventricle prior to contraction

Question 17

What is the pacemaker of the heart?

Answer 17

SA node

Question 18

What part of the ECG represents ventricular depolarisation?

Answer 18

QRS Complex

Question 19

What part of the ECG represents atrial depolarisation?

Answer 19

P wave

Question 20

What part of the ECG represents ventricular repolarisation?

Answer 20

T wave

Question 21

What do baroreceptors monitor?

Answer 21

Blood pressure

Question 22

What do chemoreceptors monitor?

Answer 22

Blood acidity

Question 23

What nervous system is the vagus nerve associated with?

Answer 23

The parasympathetic system

Question 24

What do cardiac accelerator nerves do?

Answer 24

Increase heart rate and contractility

Question 25

What causes vasoconstriction?

Answer 25

Vasomotor nerves

Question 26

What is the neurotransmitter for the vagus nerve?

Answer 26

Ach

Question 27

What is the neurotransmitter for the sympathetic nervous system?

Answer 27

Norepinephrine

Question 28

What receptors does Norepinephrine target?

Answer 28

Beta nerves of the SA node

Question 29

Where are baroreceptors located?

Answer 29

In the walls of the aorta and carotid arteries

Question 30

Where does the largest pressure change occur? and Why?

Answer 30

Arterioles because smooth muscle causes radius and resistance change

Question 31

What does Poiseulle’s Law state?

Answer 31

A small radius change can have a big impact on resistance

Question 32

If Net Filtration is negative…

Answer 32

net reabsorption

Question 33

Where are BHP and IFOP?

Answer 33

Arterial end of the capillary

Question 34

Where are BCOP and IFHP?

Answer 34

venous end of the capillary

Question 35

What vessel does blood flow most slowly through and why?

Answer 35

Capillaries because they have a small diameter/largest cross-section