Cardiovascular Pathology Flashcards

1
Q

pericardium Function

A

maintains hert position

Anchors Heart in mediastinum

Protect against acute ventricular dilation

Facilitation of ventrical interdependence

NOT essential for normal cardiac function

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2
Q

coronary ateries

A

originate form left and right semilunar valvula of the aortic valve

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3
Q

Valves

A

aortic and mitral left and right coronary arteries.

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4
Q

Heart:

Epicardial Hemorrhage

A

Frequently seen in large animals and often considered an agonal or perimortem finding

If other portions are affected by hemorrhage, it may reflect an underlying coagulation problem

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5
Q

Heart:

Epicardial Lymphatic Dilation, Tortuosity

A

variable-sized, tortuous dilated lymphatics filled with serous to yellow fluid.

Considered an incidental finding typically affecting horses

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6
Q

Concentric Hypertrophy

A
  • Increased Afterload
    • aortic and pulmonary stenosis
    • Pulmonary hypertension
    • Primary (Genentic) hyperthryroid
  • increase in mass without an increases in chamber volume
    • chambers pumping against increased pressure
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7
Q

Eccentric Hypertrophy

A
  • Initially physiologic (exercise, pregnancy) increased preload
    • valvular insufficiencies
    • Increased return from shunts
  • Increased in mass accompanied by an increased in end diastolic volume
    • chambers pumping more blood
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8
Q

Dilation

A

End stage disease

Primary (genetic) nutritional

taurine deficiency

  • A response to increased workload in both physiologic and pathologic states
    • acute volume overload leads to physiologic dilation, while chronic overload will stimulate hypertrophy
    • Chamber dilation is the endstage of a variety of heart disease
    • In disease where fibrosis replaces normal myocardium, the chronic pressure will result in stretching of abnormal fibrous tissue
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9
Q

Right Sided Heart Failure

A
  • Back-up of blood in systemic and protal circulation
    • ruminant and horse tend to develop edema
    • Dogs tend to ascites
    • Cats tend to hydrothorax
  • Enlarged liver with “nutmeg” pattern
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10
Q

Left Sided Heart Failure

A
  • Back up of blood in the lungs and reduced cardiac output
    • pulmonary congestion
    • Leads to alveolar and interstitial edema
  • Persenting complaints
    • dyspnea
    • Wheezing
    • Paroxymal nocturnal cough
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11
Q

Congenital:

Ductus Arteriosus

A
  • Fetal vascular structure connecting the Pulmonary artery and the aorta that closes soon after birth
    • forms the ligamentum arteriosum
  • Fetal blood flow uses the DA to bypass the lungs and shunt right-sided blood into systemic circulation
  • Smooth muscle in the wall of this vessel responds to altered oxygen pressure and other vascular mediators to constrict postnatally, becoming functionally closed within hours of birth.
  • A ductus that remains patent beyond 5 days is considered abnormal
  • If the ductus persists, blood from the high pressure aorta moves across the PDA into the pulmonary artery (Left → right shunting) → increased pressure in the pulmonary circulation causes right heart hypertrophy, while the increased volume returning to the left side of the heart causes left atrial dilation and LV hypertrophy
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12
Q

Congenital:

Foramen ovale

Atrial Septal Defect

A
  • In fetal circulation, allows movement of blood form Right → left allowing blood to bypass the pulmonary circulation
  • Normally the flap of the left atrial wall is functionally closed postnatally by pressure differences established at birth
  • Failure to close an lead to atrial septal defect, allowing communication between the right and left sides of the circulating throught a patent opening
  • Blood then flows form Left → right causing volume overload of the right side of the heart
  • One of the most common defects in cattle
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13
Q

Congenital:

Ventricular Septal Defect

A
  • Typically located near the base and in the membranous portion of the interventricular septum and referred to as a high VSD
  • When located in the muscular portion of the interventricular septum, VSDs are referred to as ‘low’
  • VSD can occur as a single defect or as part of a more complex anomaly
  • Leads to Left → Right Shunting
  • Clinical signs depend upon the size of the VSD, spontaneous closure of small VSDs is reportedly common in dogs
  • One of the most common cardiac defects, most commonly affecting horses and cattle
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14
Q

Aortic valve:

Subvalvular Stenosis

A
  • narrowing can be supravalvular, valvular, or subvalvular
  • Subvalvular lesions may be subtle and represent a restrictive band
  • The restrictive band increases resistance to outflow, resulting in ventricular hypertrophy. Turbulence and pressure cause a post stenotic dilation of the vessels
  • Interventricular septum hypertrophy may be more pronounced resulting in degeneration, altered electroconduction, arrhythmia, and sudden death
  • Typically observed in dogs and pigs
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15
Q

Congenital:

Truncus arteriosus

A
  • A single large arterial vessel exits the heart above a large VSD
  • Coronary arteries and pulmonary artery and aorta arise from the large vessel
  • Most commonly diagnosed in calves and foals
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16
Q

Tetralogy of Fallout

A
  1. pulmonic stenosis
  2. an overriding aorta
  3. Ventricular septal defect, high
  4. Compensatory right ventricular hypertrophy

This is a rare condition that is an aggregate of 4 different defects.