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BMSC 207 > Cardiovascular Part 2 > Flashcards

Cardiovascular Part 2 Flashcards

1
Q

What is the paricardium

A

doubled walled sac filled with a think layer of clear pericardial fluid = lubricant to allow heart movement without friction

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2
Q

What are the general purpose of Heart valves?

A

to maintain a one way blood flow direction

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3
Q

What are the 2 types of valves?

A
  1. Atrioventricular vaves (AV) = control movement from atrium –> ventricles (have tendons attached)
  2. semilunar valves = one-way valves that exist between the ventricle & outflow arterie
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4
Q

Do AV valves have tendons that attach to pappilorry muscle?

A

Yes - but the tendons don’t open/close valves, they only provide support. The pappilory muscle hold flaps in place and make sure there is no backward blood flow

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5
Q

How are AV valves opened?

A

valves open in response to the pressuere recieved on the flaps by the atrium

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6
Q

What are 2 types of AV valves

A
  1. RST = Right Side Tricuspid
  2. Mitral = bicuspid (left)
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7
Q

What are the 2 types of semiclunar valves? Location? How do they differ to AV vavlves?

A

1.Aortic valve
2.pulmanary valve
3.do not have have tendons

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8
Q

Ventricular contraction/relaxation uses which 2 valves?

A

during ventricular contraction AV valves stay CLOSED to prevent backward blood flow

in venticurlar relaxation semi lunar valves prevent backward blood flow

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9
Q

Where do cardiac AP originate?

A

in a group of cells in the SA node (pacemaker cells)

AP then spreads via autorythmic cells

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10
Q

Which cell group (SA node/ AV node / Perkinji fibers) determines the heart ?

A

the group of auto cells with most pacemaker actiivty = SA node

since AV node and perkinji fibers have slower pacemker activity

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11
Q

List the pathway of the cardiac conduction system

A

SA node –> internodal pathways –> AV node (bundle of His) –> AV bundle –> bundle branches –> perkinji fibers

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12
Q

gap junctions in cardiac cells connect autorythmic & contractile cells allowing for uniform contraction in the __ first, which then spreads to the ventrical

A

atrium contraction first, then ventricle contraction

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13
Q

What is an ECG

A

Electrocardiogram = represents the summed electrical activity of all cells (of the heart) recorded from the surface of body

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14
Q

what do The direction of deflications in an ECG?

A

they tell us the direction of the electrical activity of the heart (=measure direction of current)
They don’t tell us type of current (depolarization/repolarzation = both reflect upwards)

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15
Q

What does an upward deflection on an ECG mean?

A

current is moving towards the + electrode

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16
Q

What does a downward deflection in an ECG mean?

A

current is flowing towards the - (neg) electrode

17
Q

What does a straight line mean on an ECG?

A

activity is moving perpindicular = no deflections

18
Q

ECG are a combinations of what 3 things?

A
  1. Waves = deflections upward/downward
  2. Segments = sections between 2 waves
  3. intervals = combo of waves & segments
19
Q

How can arrythmias (patologies) appear on ECG?

A

as elongated segments/intervals, alterad or missing waves

20
Q

What is premature ventricular contraction>

A

when our perkinji fibers randomley kick, becomeing the new pacemaker = shown as a skiped beat or palpatations

21
Q

What is Long QT syndrome?

A

u have a mutation in ur K/Na channels = that makes a longer platue = delayed repolarization

22
Q

The cariac cycle consists of one complete __ and __

A

cardiac cycle = 1 contraction & relaxation

23
Q

What are the 2 primary phases of the cardiac contraction cycle?

A

Diastole = time which cardiac muscle releaxes
systole = time during which cardiac muscle contracts

ventricles don’t contract & relax at same time

24
Q

What are the 2 primary phases of the cardiac contraction cycle?

A

Diastole = time which cardiac muscle releaxes
systole = time during which cardiac muscle contracts

ventricles don’t contract & relax at same time

25
Q

What are the 5 phases of the cardiac cycle

A
  1. Atrial + Ventrical diastole / late diastole (relaxing) = heart at rest
  2. Atrial systole (contraction) = completionof ventricular filling
  3. Isovolumetric ventricular contraction = early ventricular contraction
  4. Ventricular ejection = the heart pump blood out
  5. Isovolumetric ventricular relaxation / early diastole = ventricular relaxation
26
Q

List 3 types of cardiac volume, and what they are?

A
  1. EDV - end diastolic volume = maximal volume in the ventrical (after ventricular filling, and before contraction?)
  2. ESV - end systolic volume - minimal aount of blood left over after ventricular contraction
  3. SV = Stoke volume = amount of blood ejected during a single ventricular contraction
27
Q

How is stroke volume calculated?

A

stroke volume = end diastolic - end systolic

28
Q

What factorss influence stroke volume?

A
  1. autonomic nervous sytem
  2. venous return
  3. drugs
29
Q

What is an ejection fraction?

A

% of end diastolic volume that is ejected from the heart (fractionof blood ejected per beet)
EF = SV / EDV

30
Q

List normal EDV / ESV / SV / & EF values

A

EDV = 135ml
ESV=65ml
SV=70ml
EF=52%

31
Q

How is total blood blow (aka cardiac output calculated)

A

CO= heart rate x stroke volume
CO = HR * SV

32
Q

What is cardiac output?

A

flow of blood delevired from ONE VENTRICLE in a given time period

32
Q

What is cardiac output?

A

flow of blood delevired from ONE VENTRICLE in a given time period

33
Q

What is the average CO?

A

5 mL/min

34
Q

CO is determined by which 2 fatcors?

A

stoke volume & heart rate

35
Q

what factors impact Heart rate?

A

sympathetic activty (activate beta-epinephirin cells) = directly related to HR
parasympatheitc actiivty = inversly porportional to HR
hormne releas? (directly to HR?)

36
Q

What factors determines stroke volume?

A

stoke volume is direcly proportional to force of contraction

37
Q

What factors influnce force of contraction?

A

contractility
inital fiber length

38
Q

What factors control

A

BMSC 207 (8 decks)

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