Cardiovascular overview Flashcards
CVD accounts for approx. what percent of deaths world wide
30%
why are we seeing more congenital heart disease in adults
because they are not dying when they are pediatrics
what is epidemiological transition
shift in morbidity and mortality causes over last century
what are factors for epidemiological transition
Reduction of pestilence and famine Receding pandemics Degenerative and human-made diseases Delayed degenerative disease Epidemic in inactivity and obesity
What happens when we cure pestilence and famine and control infectious disease
we create degenerative human-made diseases
what are the 5 stages of epidemiological transition
- Pestilence and Famine
- Pandemics
- Degenerative & human-made disease
- Delayed degenerative disease
- Inactivity & obesity
what % of pestilence and famine make up secondary CVD death
<10%
what % of pandemics do deaths secondary CVD
10-35%
what % of degenerative and human-made diseases deaths secondary CVD
35-65%
what % of delayed degenerative diseases account for deaths secondary to CVD
40-50%
what % of inactivity & obesity account for deaths secondary to CVD
possible reversal of age adjusted declines in mortality
stage 1.pestilence and famine description
most deaths secondary malnutrition & infectious dieses
stage 2.pandemics description
improvements in nutrition and public health
stage 3. Degenerative & human-made disease
increased fat & caloric intake coupled with inactivity
increased life expectancy= increased mortality
stage 4. delayed degenerative disease
better prevention/treatment results in delayed deaths
age-adjusted CVD mortality rate decreases.
CVD affecting older & older individuals
what are the red flags for e-cigarettes
long term outcomes unknown
addiction rate likely to be as high or higher than cigarettes
Contents of cigarettes not published
Liquid nicotine is hazardous
what happens with BP readings in regard to arm position
BP reading changes depending on position of Arm, arm should be level with heart.
Assessment of BP take home message
measure BP bilaterally in sitting patient who has been resting for 5 minutes or more with properly sized BP cuff on upper arm with arm at level of heart
what is the purpose of cardio ROS
to generate or narrow hypotheses about underlying. form or refinement of DDX
labs can be divided into two main categories
Screening tests
Tests for Identifying or Evaluating disease
They can be further divided into
Fasting vs. Nonfasting AM vs. PM testing Supine Vs. Sitting Blood plasma vs. Urine Procedure
what is a fasting lab
nothing to eat or drink for 10-12 hours (but can have plain water and take regular meds)
what is non-fasting
can be random or at specifically defined times
what do you need fasting for
lipid testing
fasting glucose
Homocysteine indication
strong FH of early onset vascular disease
also increase levels assoc. with B6, B12 or folate deficiency
what do elevated levels of homocysteine tells us
representative of independent risk factors for heart disease, cerebrovascular dz, PVD.
Though to promote progression of Atherosclerosis by causing endothelial damage
What is CRP indicated for?
to indicate inflammatory illness and to predict risk of coronary events
what is BNP used for
Brain natriuretic peptide
useful for diagnosing CHF, predicting morbidity and mortality and maximizing
