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Oral Medications > Cardiovascular medications > Flashcards

Cardiovascular medications Flashcards

1
Q

Anti-Hypertensive drugs

Anti-hypertensive drugs

A

used to treat hypertension aka high blood pressure.

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2
Q

Hypotension or high blood pressure is classified as?

A

Elevated BP >160/90

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3
Q

Hypertension can be..

A

Age related, genetics, caused by diet - high sodium’s and fats

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4
Q

Hypertensive management:

A

First approach: lifestyle changes, reduce salt, fats and alcohol intake, promote exercise, cease smoking.
Second approach: Anti-hypertensive therapy - depending on age and gender, medical history and side effects

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5
Q

Drug therapy consists of:

A

A - Ace Inhibitors
- Angiotensin Receptor Antagonists
- Alpha Antagonist/Blockers
B - Beta Blocker
C - Calcium Channel Antagonists
D - Diuretics
E - Endothelin Receptor Antagonists

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6
Q

ACE INHIBITORS - (PRILS)

A

Prevent conversion of Angiotensin 1 to Angiotensin 2,
This decreases blood pressure
reduction in blood volume reduces blood pressure

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7
Q

Examples of Ace Inhibitors:

A
  • Captopril
  • Perindopril
  • Ramipril
  • Quinapril
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8
Q

Side effects of Ace Inhibitors:

A
  • dizziness
  • headaches
  • dry cough (common at night and in women)
  • risk of hyperkalemia (increase blood potassium level)
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9
Q

ACE Inhibitors:

A
  • Should be commenced at night to reduce complications of hypertension
  • diuretics should be suspended
  • cease potassium supplements
  • most are daily with 24 hour effect
  • extracted by kidneys
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10
Q

ANGIOTENSIN RECEPTOR ANTAGONISTS (SARTANS)

A
  • block angiotensin 2 receptors at receptor sites
  • have similar effects as Ace inhibitors
  • reduce side effects than Ace inhibitors - less chance of hyperkalemia or cough
  • takes 4-6 weeks for maximum effect
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11
Q

Examples of Angiotensin receptor antagonists:

A

Irbesartan - used to treat hypertension and heart disease

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12
Q

Side effects ^ include:

A
  • dizziness
  • headaches
  • hypotension
  • GI upset
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13
Q

ALPHA ANTAGONISTS (AZOSINS)

A
  • block alpha receptors in blood vessels that cause vasoconstriction
  • work by binding to and blocking alpha 1 receptors, which are located in the smooth muscle lining blood vessels in the prostate and in the neck of the bladder
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14
Q

Examples of Alpha Bockers:

A

Prazosin (minipress) - treats high blood pressure, mild enlargement of prostate

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15
Q

Side effects of Alpha Blockers include:

A
  • postural hypotension
  • nasal congestion
  • pupil constriction
  • fatigue
  • erectile dysfunction
  • diarrhea
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16
Q

Alpha Blockers:

A
  • gradual increase of dose minimalises side effects
  • is administrated once daily
  • educating the client on minimising of postural hypotension is important
17
Q

BETA BLOCKERS (OLOLS):

A
  • block beta receptors in the heart, blood vessels, bronchi (also the pancreas, uterus, kidney, brain and liver)
  • reduce cardiac output by reducing heart rate and stroke volume
18
Q

Examples of Beta Blockers:

A
  • Atenolol (excreted by kidneys)
  • Metoprolol (excreted by liver)
  • Carvedilol
    These medications are used to treat high blood pressure, angina (heart related chest pain), irregular heartbeats)
19
Q

Side effects of Beta Blockers”

A
  • insomnia
  • depression
  • hypotension
  • bradyarrhythmia
20
Q

Beta Blockers:

A
  • are not recommended as first line of therapy - not as effective as other anti-hypertensive drugs
  • abrupt withdrawal causes rebound hypertension
  • non-selective beta blockers can alter lipids and glucose levels in diabetes
21
Q

CALCIUM CHANNEL ANTAGONISTS:

A
  • dopiness, verapamil and diltiazem effect the availability of calcium to the muscles of the heart and blood vessels
22
Q

Examples of Calcium Channel Antagonists:

A
  • Nifedipine
  • Amlodipine
  • Verapamil
  • Cardizem
    These medications are used to treat high blood pressure and prevent angina
23
Q

Side effects ^ include:

A
  • hypotension
  • bradycardia
  • headaches
  • facial flushing
  • skin rash
  • peripheral edema (venous pooling)
24
Q

Calcium Channel Antagonists:

A
  • Nifedipine and Felodipine have short half life - can cause reflex tachycardia - sustained release overcome these problems
  • DO NOT CRUSH
25
Q

DIURETCIS:

A
  • reduce blood volume by excretion of water via kidneys
  • increase excretion of sodium and chloride
  • leads to decrease of Blood pressure
  • Thiazide (first choice with beta blockers), loop and potassium sparing diuretic groups
  • loop diuretics (freusemide) are useful for people with renal impairment
  • must be given early during the day
26
Q

Side Effects of Diuretics:

A
  • dehydration
  • electrolyte imbalance
  • hypotension
27
Q

What are the Nursing considerations of hypertensive therapy?

A
  • Assess Vital signs - lying, sitting and standing blood pressure assessment to determine postural hypotension (take bp on both arms)
  • Assess for signs and symptoms of hypertension - such as headaches, pitting oedema of legs, nocturia, lethargy, vision changes
  • monitor electrolytes if on diuretics
  • if on Ace Inhibitors monitor renal function
  • monitor patient’s weight
  • monitor urine output
  • supervise ambulation if patient becomes faint
28
Q

ANTIARHYTHMIC DRUGS:

A
  • AKA cardiac dysrhythmia medications
  • used to suppress abnormal rhythms of heart - atrial fibrillation, atrial flutter, ventricular tachycardia, ventricular fibrillation
29
Q

Dysrhythmia Physiology:

A
  • abnormality in heart rhythm - can affect atria, ventricles or both
  • Bradycardia: <60 beats per minute
  • Tachycardia: 100-150 beats per minute
  • Flutter: 150-350 beats per minute
  • Fibrillation: >350 beats per minute
30
Q

Causes of Dysrhythmia:

A
  • myocardial hypoxia
  • scarring
  • ischaemia
    -electrolyte imbalance
  • inflammation
31
Q

ANTIARRHYTHMIC DRUGS:

A
  • alter the movement of ions across cell membranes in myocardium
  • suppress and stabalise excitable myocardium
  • most suited for rapid heartbeat or ectopic beats
  • four classes of agents - classes 1-4

Oral Medications (13 decks)

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