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Cardiovascular Hemodynamics > Cardiovascular Hemodynamics > Flashcards

Cardiovascular Hemodynamics Flashcards

1
Q

beta blocker: mechanism of action

A

Decreases stimulation of beta-adrenergic receptors in the heart and blood vessels

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2
Q

result of beta blocker

A

Decreased HR and SV

Vasodilation

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3
Q

calcium channel blocker: mechanism of action

A

Decreases intracellular calcium in the heart and blood vessels

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4
Q

result of calcium channel blocker

A

decreased HR and SV

Vasodilation

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5
Q

Angiotensin Converting Enzyme (ACE) inhibitor: mechanism of action

A

Decreases conversion of angiotensin I -> angiotensin II

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6
Q

result of Angiotension Coverting Enzyme inhibitor

A

Decreased production of aldosterone
Increased urinary excretion of sodium and water
Vasodilation

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7
Q

diuretic: mechanism of action

A

increases urine output

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8
Q

result of diuretic

A

Decreased cardiac output

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9
Q

Angiotensin II Receptor Blocker (ARB): mechanism of action

A

Decreases receptor binding of angiotensin II

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10
Q

result of angiotension II receptor blocker

A

Decreased stimulation of aldosterone secretion
Increased urinary excretion of sodium and water
Vasodilation

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11
Q

renin inhibitor: mechanism of action

A

Inhibits the binding of renin to angiotensinogen

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12
Q

results of renin inhibitor

A

Decreased production of angiotensin II and stimulation of aldosterone secretion.
Increased urinary excretion of sodium and water
Vasodilation

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13
Q

Baroreceptor Reflexes alter BP

A
  • carotid sinus reflex

- aortic reflex

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14
Q

carotid sinus reflex

A
  • Baroreceptors in walls of carotid sinuses
  • Helps regulate BP in brain
  • Signals sent via cranial nerve IX (glossopharyngial nerve) to the CV center in medulla oblongata
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15
Q

aortic reflex

A
  • Baroreceptors in walls of ascending aorta and aortic arch
  • Helps regulate systemic BP
  • Signals sent via cranial nerve X (vagus nerve) to the CV center in medulla oblongata
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16
Q

carotid sinus reflex regulates

A

BP in brain

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17
Q

carotid sinus reflex signal sent via

A

cranial nerve IX to the CV center in medulla oblongata

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18
Q

aortic reflex helps regulate

A

systemic BP

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19
Q

aortic reflex signals sent via

A

cranial nerve X to the CV center in medulla oblongata

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20
Q

sense degree of stretch in vessels

A

baroreceptors

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21
Q

decreased stretch

A

decreased BP

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22
Q

increased stretch

A

increased BP

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23
Q

affects rate that nerve impulses are sent to the CV center in medulla oblongata

A

degree of stretch

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24
Q

results in a slower conduction of nerve impulses to the CV center

A

decreased stretch

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25
Q

results in a faster conduction of nerve impulses to the CV center

A

increased stretch

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26
Q

responds by changing the balance between PNS and SNS stimulation of effector organs

A

CV center

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27
Q

elicits efferent output that decreases PNS tone and increases SNS tone

A

Slower conduction of nerve impulses to the CV center

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28
Q

result of slower conduction of nerve impulses to the CV center elicits efferent output that decreases PNS tone and increases SNS tone

A

blood pressure increases

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29
Q

elicits efferent output that increases PNS tone and decreases SNS tone

A

faster conduction of nerve impulses to the CV center

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30
Q

result of faster conduction of nerve impulses to CV center elicits efferent output that increases PNS tone and decreases SNS tone

A

blood pressure decreases

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31
Q

blood volume in supine

A

blood volume distributed throughout the body

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32
Q

blood when going from supine to standing

A

shift from greater than 500 mL of blood to the lower body

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33
Q

autonomic nervous system response when going from supine to standing

A

baroreceptor reflex activation of the SNS

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34
Q

healthy subject: supine to standing

A
  • normal compensatory response
  • NE release signals for BP and HR increases
  • cerebral perfusion is maintained
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35
Q

patient with nOH: supine to standing

A
  • insufficient NE response due to autonomic dysfunction
  • inadequate BP increases and minimal HR changes
  • reduced cerebral perfusion causes symptoms (dizziness)
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36
Q

filtration

A

movement of fluid from tissue capillaries to tissue interstitial space

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37
Q

reabsorption

A

movement of fluid from tissue interstitial space to tissue capillaries

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38
Q

pressure driving filtration

A

promoted by blood hydrostatic pressure (BHP) and interstitial fluid osmotic pressure (IFOP)

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39
Q

primary filtration pressure

A

blood hydrostatic pressure

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40
Q

primary reabsorption pressure

A

blood colloid osmotic pressure

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41
Q

pressure driving reabsorption

A

promoted by blood colloid osmotic pressure (BCOP) and interstitial fluid hydrostatic pressure (IFHP)

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42
Q

net filtration pressure (NFP)

A

difference between filtration and reabsorption pressures

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43
Q

NFP indicates

A

direction of fluid movement, determining whether fluid enters or leaves capillaries

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44
Q

NFP=

A

filtration - reabsorption

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45
Q

fitration: atrial end net filtration pressure = 10 mmHg

A

fluid exits capillary since capillary blood hydrostatic pressure is greater than blood colloid osmotic pressure

46
Q

mid capillary net filtration pressure = 0 mmHg

A

no met movement of fluid since capillary blood hydrostatic pressure is equal to blood colloid osmotic pressure

47
Q

reabsorption: venous end net filtration pressure = -7 mmHg

A

fluid re-enters capillary since capillary blood hydrostatic pressure is less than blood colloid osmotic pressure

48
Q

lymphatic system

A

Network of lymph, lymph vessels, lymph nodes, and lymphatic organs

49
Q

lymphatic system: transport

A

One-way transport system for fluid, proteins, and other substances

50
Q

lymphatic system: collection and return of fluid

A

Collect fluid from the interstitium and return to the bloodstream

51
Q

lymphatic system major functions

A
  • Regulation of tissue fluid balance
  • Transport route for immune cells, tumor cells, hormones, nutrients, waste products, proteins, and other molecules
  • Lipid absorption and transport from the gastric system
  • Removal of cellular debris
  • Reservoir for proliferating white blood cells and tumor cells (lymph nodes)
52
Q

Lymphatic System Structures and Components

A
  • Lymph
  • Lymph vessels
  • Lymph nodes
  • Lymphatic organs/tissues
53
Q

examples of lymphatic organs/tissues

A
  • spleen
  • thymus
  • tonsils and adenoid
  • bone marrow
54
Q

lymph

A

Fluid that travels throughout the body via a network of lymphatic vessels

55
Q

formation of lymph

A

when interstitial fluid moves into lymphatic capillaries

56
Q

lymph composition

A

96% water and 4% solutes

57
Q

examples of lymph solutes

A

Various proteins, lipids, glucose, urea, creatinine, amino acids, electrolytes, and lymphocytes

58
Q

lymph vessels

A

Transport lymph throughout the body

59
Q

lymphatic capillaries

A

small, closed-ended tubes through which fluid from tissues enters the lymphatic system

60
Q

Lymphatic vessels

A

move lymph to and from lymph nodes

61
Q

lymphatic vessel types

A

Pre-nodal vs. post-nodal (afferent vs. efferent)

62
Q

lymphatic vessels valves

A

aid in one-way propulsion of lymph

63
Q

lymphatic vessels: segments of lymphatic vessels between valves form

A

contractile compartments

64
Q

collecting ducts

A

return lymph to the bloodstream

65
Q

allows lymph to access blood

A

nodal vasculature

66
Q

propel lymph to the next compartment

A

contraction of contractile compartments

67
Q

Lymphatic vessels converge into

A

lymphatic trunks which then become the collecting ducts

68
Q

fundamental process that removes excess water and plasma proteins from the interstitium

A

contraction-relaxation cycle of the lymphatic bulbs at the end of the lymphatic capillaries

69
Q

Pressures along the lymphatics

A

lymphatic vessel contractions and by organ movements

70
Q

lymph nodes

A

Filter and remove harmful substances from lymph before returning it to the bloodstream

71
Q

cervical lymph node location

A

neck

72
Q

Thoracic and mediastinal lymph nodes location

A

chest

73
Q

axillary lymph node location

A

armpits

74
Q

Para-aortic, peri-aortic, and mesenteric lymph nodes location

A

abdomen

75
Q

Inguinal lymph nodes location

A

groin

76
Q

cells that activate the immune system

A

lymphocytes and macrophages

77
Q

symptoms when large number of particles are filtered through a lymph node

A

swelling and tenderness

78
Q

spleen

A

largest lymphatic organ; removes worn out red blood cells, lymphocytes, and foreign invaders; stores red blood cells and lymphocytes

79
Q

thymus

A

site where T lymphocytes mature and multiply

80
Q

tonsils and adenoid

A

trap bacteria and viruses

81
Q

bone marrow

A

site of hematopoiesis

82
Q

formation of lymph

A

More fluid is filtered than is reabsorbed, so the excess fluid is taken up by the lymphatics

83
Q

important function of lymph

A

help return plasma proteins back into the bloodstream

84
Q

lymphatics important role

A

removing the excess interstitial fluid

85
Q

affect of lymphatics NOT removing excess interstitial fluid

A

tissues would become swollen with fluid

86
Q

Mechanisms that facilitate transport of lymph

A
  • Valves to prevent backflow
  • Smooth muscle contractions in the lymphatic vessel walls
  • Intrathoracic pressure changes during breathing
  • Pulsations of nearby arteries
  • Skeletal muscle contractions
  • Movement of adjacent tissue
87
Q

interstitial pressures being higher than the lymphatic capillaries

A
  • Fluid moves into the lymphatics

- forces open the minivalves

88
Q

contraction-relaxation cycle of the lymphatic bulbs

A

fundamental process that removes excess water and plasma proteins from the interstitium

89
Q

Pressures along the lymphatics are generated by

A

lymphatic vessel contractions and by organ movements

90
Q

edema

A

An abnormal increase in interstitial fluid if net filtration exceeds net reabsorption

91
Q

3 examples of edema

A
  • result of excess fluid filtration
  • result of inadequate fluid reabsorption
  • result of decreased removal of excess filtrate by lymphatic system
92
Q

edema: result of excess fluid filtration

A
  • Increased capillary permeability due to injury or inflammation (i.e. burns, allergic reactions, etc.)
  • Fluid buildup due to an obstruction such as a clot
  • Fluid buildup due to a weakened heart (i.e., congestive heart failure)
93
Q

edema: result of inadequate fluid reabsorption

A

Decreased concentration of plasma proteins lowers BCOP

94
Q

edema: result of decreased removal of excess filtrate by lymphatic system

A

Fibrosis and scarring of lymph nodes and lymphatic vessels

95
Q

kidney and liver disease can cause

A

edema

96
Q

kidney and liver disease can cause edema due to

A

Low protein levels in the blood caused by malnutrition

97
Q

edema: CHF

A

effects of heart failure on blood flow, leads to increased blood hydrostatic pressure, and therefore edema

98
Q

pulmonary edema symptoms

A

SOB, rapid breathing, fatigue, dizziness, weakness

99
Q

peripheral edema symptoms

A
  • difficulty breathing
  • SOB with exertion of laying in bed
  • fainting or dizziness
  • coughing blood
100
Q

seek immediate care leg swelling: edema

A
  • Occurs suddenly and for no apparent reason
  • Is related to a physical injury, such as from a fall, a sports injury or a car accident
  • Occurs in one leg and is painful, or is accompanied by cool, pale skin
101
Q

Nonemergency problems related to leg swelling (edema)

A

Leg swelling that is the side effect of a drug can look just like leg swelling caused by a kidney disorder. Make an appointment as soon as possible so that your doctor can diagnose the underlying problem

102
Q

tips for leg swelling with edema

A
  • Restrict the amount of salt in your diet.
  • Put a pillow under your legs when lying down, which may lessen swelling related to the buildup of fluid.
  • Wear elastic compression stockings, but avoid stockings that are tight around the top (if you can see the indentation from the elastic, they may be too tight).
  • If you need to stand or sit for long periods, give yourself frequent breaks and move around, unless the movement causes pain.
  • Don’t stop taking a prescription medication without talking to your doctor, even if you suspect it may be causing leg swelling.
  • Over-the-counter (nonprescription) pain medication may lessen painful swelling
103
Q

Ascites

A

Edema in the peritoneal cavity of the abdomen

104
Q

ascites most commonly seen in

A

individuals with cirrhosis of the liver

105
Q

ascites: Increased pressure in the hepatic portal vein due to cirrhosis leads to

A

fluid leakage out of the vasculature

106
Q

Fluid leakage out of the vasculature due to

A

inflammation

107
Q

ascites symptoms

A

As more fluid accumulates, increased abdominal girth and size are commonly seen. Abdominal pain, discomfort, and bloating are also frequently seen as ascites becomes larger. Shortness of breath can also happen with large ascites due to increased pressure on the diaphragm and the migration of the fluid across the diaphragm causing pleural effusions (fluid around the lungs). A cosmetically disfiguring large belly, due to ascites, is also a common concern of some patients. If ascites is causing symptoms of shortness of breath, abdominal discomfort ,or inability to do normal daily tasks such as walking, the patient’s primary doctor should be notified.

108
Q

lymphedema

A

Progressive swelling that occurs when protein-rich fluid accumulates in the interstitium

109
Q

primary lymphedema

A

Genetic and familial abnormalities in lymphatic structures or function

110
Q

secondary lymphedema

A

Secondary to damage of lymphatic structures

111
Q

Alterations in lymph transport mechanisms and/or lymphatic structures

A
  • Fibrosis that impedes muscle movement
  • Fibrotic lymph nodes
  • Removal of lymph nodes and vessels
112
Q

impede lymph flow: physiological mechanisms

A

Variations in capillary and interstitial pressures

Cardiovascular Hemodynamics (1 decks)

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