Cardiovascular health, Immunity-infections, Pregnancy Flashcards
What are some common Heart Conditions?
• Coronary Artery Disease (CAD)
-Cholesterol deposits (plaque) & inflammatory changes to the coronary arteries
-Can get to the point of having a heart attack, severe blockage
• Angina Pectoris
-Temporary disruption of blood flow/oxygen
-Precurser of a heart attack, you get heart attack symptoms. You can use nitroglycerine to help (use at rest of exercise)
• Myocardial Infarction (MI)
-STEMI – ST elevation MI is a COMPLETE blockage in a coronary artery
-NSTEMI – Non-ST elevation MI is an INCOMPLETE blockage in a coronary artery
-receive angiogram and put a wire to your heart and inject dye to see were it is blocked. Then they put a deflated balloon at the blockage and then blow it up. These people are also on blood thinners for the rest of their life.
-If its super bad they migh tneed open heart surgery
What are some more common heart condition?
• Cardiac arrythmias
-Bradycardia, tachycardia, atrial fibrillation, atrial flutter, ventricular fibrillation,
heart block
-Normal -60-100 beats per minute
-Tachycardia: higher heart rate than 60-100 beats per minute
-Bradycardia: lower heart rate than 60-100 beats per minute
-Atrial fibrilation: muscle not strong enough to pump blood, stoke risk because of blood clots.
-Atrial flutter: non effective heart contractions
-Heart block: Any blockage stopping the electrical contractions
• Congenital heart defects
-Septal defects, valve defects, anatomical abnormalities, stenosis
-Congenital heart deffect: born with it
Septal defects: holes in the heart
Valve defects: they are not shapes properly
Stenosis: muscle is hardened.
• Vascular cognitive impairment (anoxic brain injuries, cerebral vascular accident or
CVA)
• Inflammatory causes
-Rheumatic fever, viral/bacterial infections (dental procedures), myocarditis, endocarditis
• Heart failure
• Several causes – poorly controlled/untreated high blood pressure, muscle damage from CAD/MI
• Risk Factors:
• Diabetes
• High cholesterol/blood pressure
• Drug & alcohol use
• Smoking
• Poor diet
• Sedentary lifestyle
• High BMI
• Chemotherapy/Radiation
• Other factors – sex, age, ethnicity
What are some heart surgeries?
• Pacemaker implants: They give electrical signals so the heart can function, don’t work to hard but you do need to move.
• Open heart surgeries: Look and insisions and how they are healing so there is not infections.
• Sternotomy or minimally invasive approaches
• Coronary artery bypass graft (CABG): Take viens and artelies from other areas in your body.
• Valve replacements or repairs (aortic, mitral, tricuspid, pulmonary). They are fixed but because the blood reject
Metal they need to take blood thiners for the rest of their life.
• PFO or septal defect repairs, Fixing the holes in your heart
• Tumor excisions, Need to remove them
• Heart mechanical implants
• LVAD, RVAD, BIVAD, Parts need to become available so there is a waitlist for the real stuff so they use this in the meantime
• Heart / Lung Transplants
Signs & Symptoms – Angina
- Chest/neck/shoulder/back pain, discomfort, ache, burning or pressure • Shortness of breath
- Dizziness
- Nausea
- Sweating
- If exercising – STOP. Sit. If you have been prescribed Nitrogylcerin, use it as directed & call 911.
Signs & Symptoms – Myocardial Infarction
• Chest/neck/shoulder/back pain or pressure • Neck, jaw, shoulder or arm pain
• Shortness of breath
• Dizziness
• Nausea
• Sweating
• If you have nitroglycerin, use it. Call 911. Chew aspirin.-
-This is a heart attack, if you don’t have angina assume
These symptoms are a heart attack
Signs & Symptoms – Atrial fibrillation
- Palpitations or fluttering in the chest
- Shortness of breath
- Dizziness or light headedness
- Chest discomfort
- Sweating
- Fatigue
- Nausea/vomiting
- If you are exercising, STOP. Sit. If symptoms do not resolve or reoccur contact your doctor or call 911.
Signs & Symptoms – Heart Failure
- Shortness of breath with activity and/or laying flat (orthopnea) • Palpitations, irregular heartbeat
- Persistent cough/wheezing
- Swelling in lower extremities (usually left>right leg) or abdomen • Weight gain (fluid retention)
- Extreme fatigue
- Nausea, loss of appetite & digestive issues • Dizziness
- Confusion
What is included in Cardiac Rehabilitation
• Interdisciplinary approach -Working with doctors, nursing, physio, deitition ect. Discuws and work together for a game plan • Acute & Subacute • CVICU • Step-down inpatient units • Outpatient • Cardiac Rehabilitation in community
What is include in Physiotherapy Role in Acute Care
- Education – pre-op & post-op activity guidelines, cardiac rehabilitation • Early mobilization programs
- Assess functional independence – along with OT
- Gait & balance – falls/injury prevention identification
- Assess and treat MSK injuries
- Strength & ROM programs
- Individualized aerobic exercise prescription
- Discharge Planning
- Equipment, tertiary site referrals, homecare & community program referrals
What is include in Physiotherapy Role in Community
• Education • Smoking cessation • Benefits of exercise • Diet • Stress management • Goal setting • Important to have this discussion during the initial assessment to set expectations, tailor personalized exercise program and monitor progress • Assess functional independence • Gait & balance – falls/injury prevention • Assess and treat MSK injuries • Strength & ROM programs • Individualized aerobic exercise prescription
Exercise Recommendations
- American Heart Association recommends 150 minutes (2.5 hours) of moderate intensity aerobic activity per week OR 75 minutes of vigorous aerobic activity per week (or a combination) for adults
- Moderate to high intensity muscle strengthening activity twice a week
- Spend less time sitting
What are some Special Considerations about exercise in recovering patients?
- Clearance by a physician for participating in exercise programs
- Medication reviews – special need for warm-ups when using medications that lower heart rate (i.e. beta blocker)
- Exercise intensity – using easy methods to judge intensity during activities of daily living and during exercise (talk test, BORG scale)
- Strength training – Avoid holding your breath which causes sharp increases your blood pressure
acquired immunity
The body’s ability to mobilize the cellular “memory” of an attack by a pathogen to throw off subsequent attacks; acquired through vaccination as well as the normal immune response.
allergen
A substance that triggers an allergic reaction.
anaphylaxis
A severe systemic hypersensitive reaction to an allergen characterized by difficulty breathing, low blood pressure, heart arrhythmia, seizure, and sometimes death.
allergy
A disorder caused by the body’s exaggerated response to foreign chemicals and proteins; also called hypersensitivity.
antibody
A specialized protein, produced by white blood cells, that can recognize and neutralize specific microbes.
antigen
A marker on the surface of a foreign substance that immune system cells recognize as non-self and that triggers the immune response.
autoimmune disease
A disease in which the immune system attacks the person’s own body.
bacterium (plural, bacteria)
A microscopic single-celled organism; about 100 bacterial species can cause disease in humans.
B cell
A lymphocyte that matures in the bone marrow and produces antibodies.
contagious disease
A disease that can be transmitted from one person to another; most are viral diseases, such as the common cold and flu.
cytokine
A chemical messenger produced by a variety of cell types that helps regulate many cell functions; immune system cells release cytokines that help amplify and coordinate the immune response.
dendritic cell
A white blood cell specialized to activate T and B cells.
encephalitis
Inflammation of the brain; fever, headache, nausea, and lethargy are common initial symptoms, followed in some cases by memory loss, seizures, brain damage, and death.
endemic
Persistent and relatively widespread in a given population.
epidemic
The occurrence in a particular community or region of more than the expected number of cases of a particular disease.
fungus
A single-celled or multicelled organism that absorbs food from living or dead organic matter; examples include molds, mushrooms, and yeasts. Fungal diseases include yeast infections, athlete’s foot, and ringworm.
giardiasis
An intestinal disease caused by the protozoan Giardia lamblia.
helper T cell
A lymphocyte that helps activate other T cells and may help B cells produce antibodies.
hepatitis
Inflammation of the liver, which can be caused by infection, drugs, or toxins.
herpesvirus
A family of viruses responsible for cold sores, mononucleosis, chicken pox, and the STI known as herpes; often causes latent infections.
histamine
A chemical responsible for the dilation and increased permeability of blood vessels in allergic reactions.
immunity
Mechanisms that defend the body against infection; specific defences against specific pathogens.
incubation
The period when bacteria or viruses are actively multiplying inside the body’s cells; usually a period without symptoms of illness.
infection
Invasion of the body by a microorganism.
influenza
Infection of the respiratory tract by the influenza virus, which is highly infectious and adaptable; the form changes so easily that every year new strains arise, making treatment difficult; commonly known as the flu.
jaundice
Increased bile pigment levels in the blood, characterized by yellowing of the skin and the whites of the eyes.
killer T cell
A lymphocyte that kills body cells that have been invaded by foreign organisms; also can kill cells that have turned cancerous.
lymphatic system
A system of vessels and organs that picks up excess fluid, proteins, lipids, and other substances from the tissues; filters out pathogens and other waste products; and returns the cleansed fluid to the general circulation.
lymphocyte
A white blood cell continuously made in lymphoid tissue as well as in bone marrow.
macrophage
A large phagocytic (cell-eating) cell that devours foreign particles.
malaria
A severe, recurrent, mosquito-borne infection caused by the protozoan Plasmodium.
memory T and B cells
Lymphocytes generated during an initial infection that circulate in the body for years, “remembering” the specific antigens that caused the infection and quickly destroying them if they appear again.
meningitis
Infection of the membranes covering the brain and spinal cord (meninges).
mycoplasma
A small bacterium with an incomplete cell wall that may cause sore throats, ear infections, and pneumonia.
neutrophil
A type of white blood cell that engulfs foreign organisms and infected, damaged, or aged cells; particularly prevalent during the inflammatory response.
pandemic
A disease epidemic that is unusually severe or widespread; often used to refer to worldwide epidemics affecting a large proportion of the population.
parasite
An organism that lives on or within a living host; the relationship benefits the parasite and harms the host.
parasitic worm
A pathogen that causes intestinal and other infections; includes tapeworms, hookworms, pinworms, and flukes.
pathogen
An organism that causes disease.
pneumonia
Inflammation of the lungs, typically caused by infection or exposure to chemical toxins or irritants.
poliomyelitis
A disease of the nervous system, sometimes crippling; vaccines now prevent most cases of polio.
prion
Proteinaceous infectious particles thought to be responsible for a class of neurodegenerative diseases known as transmissible spongiform encephalopathies; Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease in humans and bovine spongiform encephalopathy (“mad cow disease”) are examples of prion diseases.
prodromal period
The stage of an infection, after incubation, during which initial symptoms begin to appear but the host does not feel ill; a highly contagious period.
protozoan
A microscopic single-celled organism that often produces recurrent, cyclical attacks of disease.
reservoir
A natural environment in which a pathogen typically lives.
rickettsia
A bacterium that can reproduce only inside living cells, transmitted by ticks, fleas, and lice; causes Rocky Mountain spotted fever and typhus.
staphylococcus
Any of a genus (Staphylococcus) of spherical, clustered bacteria commonly found on the skin or in the nasal passages; staphylococcal species may enter the body and cause conditions such as boils, pneumonia, and toxic shock syndrome.
streptococcus
Any of a genus (Streptococcus) of spherical bacteria; streptococcal species can cause skin infections, strep throat, rheumatic fever, pneumonia, scarlet fever, and other diseases.
suppressor T cell
A lymphocyte that inhibits the growth of other lymphocytes.
systemic infection
An infection spread by the blood or lymphatic system to large portions of the body.
T cell
A lymphocyte that arises in bone marrow and matures in the thymus (thus its name).
toxic shock syndrome (TSS)
Sudden onset of fever, aches, vomiting, and peeling rash, followed in some cases by shock and inflammation of multiple organs; often caused by a toxin produced by Staphylococcus aureus.
toxin
A poisonous substance produced by a microorganism.
tuberculosis (TB)
A chronic bacterial infection that usually affects the lungs.
vaccine
A preparation of killed or weakened microorganisms, inactivated toxins, or components of microorganisms that is administered to stimulate an immune response; a vaccine protects against future infection by the pathogen.
vector
An insect, rodent, or other organism that carries and transmits a pathogen from one host to another.
virus
A very small infectious agent composed of nucleic acid (DNA or RNA) surrounded by a protein coat; lacks an independent metabolism and reproduces only within a host cell.
What are the 6 links of the chain of infection
pathogen, reservoir, portal of exit, means of transmission, portal of entry, and new host.
What is the first link: pathogen:
• The cycle begins with a pathogen, a disease-causing microorganism. Many illnesses are caused by toxins produced by the pathogen; others occur when the pathogen directly invades cells.
What is the second link: reservoir:
• The reservoir is the natural environment of the pathogen: a person, an animal, or an environmental component.
What is the third link: portal of exits:
• The pathogen leaves the reservoir through a portal of exit, such as saliva, mucous membranes, or blood.
What is the forth link: means of transmission:
- Direct transmission passes the pathogen from the infected host to another person without an intermediary agent. Most respiratory infections are transmitted hand-to-hand. Other means of transmission include sexual contact or contact with blood.
- Animals or insects serve as vectors, carrying the pathogen from one host to another, in indirect transmission. Pathogens also can be transmitted indirectly via contaminated objects or through air.
What is the fifth link: portal of entry:
- The portal of entry through which a pathogen enters the body may be direct contact with or penetration of the skin, inhalation of particles, or ingestion of contaminated food or water.
- Pathogens that enter the skin or mucous membranes can cause local tissue infection or may penetrate the lymphatic system or bloodstream.
- Organisms that are transmitted via respiratory secretions may cause upper respiratory infections or pneumonia or may enter the bloodstream.
- Foodborne and waterborne organisms enter the mouth and travel to the location that will best support their reproduction.
What is the sixth link: new host:
- After entering a new host, a pathogen is less likely to cause infection if the host has a strong immune system or resistance to the pathogen.
- The number of pathogens introduced also is important.
- If conditions are right, the pathogen will produce disease in the new host, which may become a reservoir from which a new chain of infection starts.
How can you break the chain of infection?
- Interruption of the chain through public health measures and individual action can prevent disease.
- A pathogen’s reservoir can be isolated and destroyed.
- Public sanitation practices can kill pathogens.
- Transmission can be disrupted through hand washing and wearing of face masks.
- Immunization or treatment of infected hosts can stop a pathogen from multiplying.
The Immune System
- The immune system is the body’s collective physical and chemical defenses against foreign organisms and pathogens
- The immune system is our first line of defence
Physical and Chemical Barriers
- Skin prevents microorganisms from entering the body
- Membranes protect us when skin does not cover an area as the cells contained within the membrane are designed to prevent the passage of unwanted organisms and particles
- Cilia are cells with hair-like protrusions that sweep foreign matter up
