Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Clinical exam things > Cardiovascular exam > Flashcards

Cardiovascular exam Flashcards

1
Q

Causes of dominant a wave

A

Tricuspid stenosis
Pulmonary stenosis
Pulmonary HTN

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Causes of dominant v wave

A

Tricuspid regurgitation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Causes of cannon a waves

A

Complete heart block
VT
Paroxysmal nodal tachycardia with retrograde atrial conduction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Causes of elevated central venous pressure

A

RV failure
Tricuspid stenosis or regurgitation
Pericardial effusion, constrictive pericarditis
SVC obstruction
Fluid overload
Hyperdynamic circulation- fever, anaemia, pregnancy, hypoxia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Collapsing pulse

A 
Aortic regurgitation
Arteriosclerotic aorta
Hyperdynamic circulation
Patent ductus arteriosus
Peripheral AV aneurysm
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Small volume pulse

A

Aortic stenosis, pericardial effusion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Severe mitral stenosis

A

Small pulse pressure
Early opening snap
Diastolic thrill at apex
Presence of pulmonary HTN- prominent a wave, RV impulse, loud P2, pulmonary regurgitation, TR

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Severe MR

A

Enlarged LV
Pulmonary HTN
Third heart sound
Early diastolic rumble
Soft S1
A2 heart earlier
Small volume pulse
LV failure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Loud P2

A

Pulmonary HTN

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Loud A2

A

Congenital aortic stenosis, systemic HTN

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Fixed splitting

A

ASD

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Causes of 3rd heart sound

A 
Physiologic
LV failure 
AR
MR
VSD
PDA
RV failure 
Constrictive pericarditis
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Causes of 4th heart sound

A 
Aortic stenosis
Acute MR
IHD
HOCM
Pulmonary HTN
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Severe AR

A

Collapsing pulse
Wide pulse pressure
Length of decrescendo diastolic murmur
S3
Soft A2
Austin Flint murmur
LV failure
LVH

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Severe AS clinical signs

A

Narrow pulse pressure
Plateau pulse
Aortic thrill
Length, lateness of peak, and harshness of murmur
S4
Paradoxical splitting of S2
LV failure
LVH

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Causes of SVC obstruction

A 
Lung carcinoma
Retrosternal tumours
Retrosternal goitre
Massive mediastinal lymphadenopathy
Aortic aneurysm
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

HOCM

A

Sharp rising jerky pulse
JVP- prominent a wave
Apex beat- double/triple impulse
ESM at left sternal edge- louder with Valsalva or standing, softer with handgrip or squatting

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Tricuspid regurgitation

A

Large v waves
RV heave
Pansystolic murmur at left sternal edge, louder on inspiration
Pulsatile liver

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Pulmonary stenosis

A 
Peripheral cyanosis
Giant a waves 
RV heave
Ejection systolic murmur
Presence of S4 
Signs of RV failure
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Grades of murmurs

A 
1- very soft
2- soft
3- moderate but no thrill
4- loud, thrill just palpable 
5- very loud, thrill easily palpable
6- audible without stethoscope
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Valsalva manoeuvre

A

Decreases preload

Increases MVP and HOCM

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Handgrip manoeuvre

A

Increased after load
Decreases MVP, AS and HOCM
Increases MR, AR, VSD

23
Q

Murmurs loudest with expiration

A

Left-sided (aortic, mitral)

24
Q

Murmurs loudest with inspiration

A

R-sided murmurs (pulmonary, triscuspid)

25
Q

Loud S1

A

Mitral/tricuspid stenosis

26
Q

Soft S1

A

Mitral regurgitation

27
Q

Severe AS classification

A

Mean transvalvular pressure gradient ≥40mmHg
AVA <0.8cm
Aortic velocity ≥4m/s
LVH

28
Q

Causes of pansystolic murmur

A

MR
TR
VSD
ASD

29
Q

Causes of ejection systolic murmur

A

Aortic stenosis/sclerosis
HOCM
Pulmonary stenosis
ASD

30
Q

Pressure loaded apex beat

A

Hyperdynamic, systolic-overloaded
Forceful with sustained impulse
Seen in AS, HTN

31
Q

Volume-loaded apex beat

A

Hyperkinetic, diastolic-overloaded
Forceful but unsustained impulse
Seen in AR or MR

32
Q

Causes of MR

A

Degenerative disease
Mitral valve prolapse
Rheumatic heart disease
Papillary muscle dysfunction- LV failure, ischaemia
CT disease- RA, ank spond
Congenital
IE
Trauma
Functiona- LV dilatation (DCM, HCM)

33
Q

Causes of AR

A

Rheumatic
Congenital- bicuspid
CT disorders/inflammatory- seronegative spondyloarthropathies, RA, SLE
Degenerative
Collagen disorders- Marfan’s syndrome, Ehlers-Danlos, PCKD
Aortitis- tertiary syphillis, vasculitis
Dissecting aneurysm
Old age
IE

34
Q

Causes of TR

A

Functional- RV failure, pulmonary HTN
Degenerative
Rheumatic
IE
CT disease
Congenital- Ebstein’s anomaly
Tricuspid valve prolapse
RV papillary muscle infarction
Pacemaker/defib lead
Trauma

35
Q

Pulmonary stenosis signs

A 
Peripheral cyanosis
Giant a waves in JVP (due to RA hypertrophy) 
RV heave
Pulmonary thrill
Harsh ESM in pulmonary region- increases with inspiration 
Pulsatile liver 
S4 
Signs of RV failure
36
Q

VSD signs

A 
Harsh pansystolic murmur in LSE
Thrill 
LV hypertrophy on CXR/ECG
Enlarged RV 
Associated with Down syndrome
37
Q

Eisenmenger’s syndrome

A

Peripheral and central cyanosis
Clubbing
Polycythaemia
Dominant a wave in JVP
Pulmonary HTN- RV heave, palpable P2
RV failure
Dysmorphic features- Down’s
Systolic murmur

38
Q

LVH criteria on ECG

A

S wave depth in V1 + R wave height in V5-6 >35mm

39
Q

CHADSVASC score

A 
CHF 
HTN
Age >75 (2)
Diabetes
Stroke Hx
Vascular- MI, peripheral artery disease
Gender
40
Q

HASBLED score

A 
HTN
Altered LFTs/renal function
Stroke Hx
Bleeding Hx
Labile INR
Elderly >65
Drugs/EtOH
41
Q

Investigations in AS

A

ECG- LVH, LV strain
CXR- LVH, pulmonary oedema, calcified aortic annulus
Echocardiogram- severity (valve area <1cm2, mean gradient >40mmHg, peak velocity >4m/s

42
Q

Causes of AS

A

Calcified- elderly patients
Congenital valvulopathy- bicuspid valve
Rheumatic heart disease
SLE
Fabry’s disease

43
Q

Management of AS

A

Medical therapy- HF treatment
Balloon aortic valvuloplasty
Valve replacement- TAVI or SAVR

44
Q

Investigations in AR

A

ECG- LVH, LA enlargement, LV strain
CXR- LV dilatation, aortic root dilation
Echo- confirm Dx, concomitant stenosis

45
Q

Mitral valve prolapse

A

Most common heart lesion
Mid-systolic click and late systolic murmur
Longer with Valsalva

46
Q

Ix in MR

A

ECG- AF, LA enlargement, LVH, LV strain
CXR- cardiomegaly, LA enlargement
Echo- prolapsing/thickened leaflets, cardiomyopathy, decrease in LVEF (late)

47
Q

Causes of mitral stenosis

A

Rheumatic heart disease
Degenerative- annular calcification
Iatrogenic- following MR repair
Congenital

48
Q

Investigations in mitral stenosis

A

ECG- AF, LA enlargement, RAD, RVH
CXR- LA enlargement
Echo- valve area <1cm

49
Q

Investigations in TR

A

ECG- RAD, RA enlargement, RVH
CXR- cardiomegaly, RV enlargement

50
Q

Causes of pulmonary stenosis

A

Iatrogenic- post repair for PR
Congenital
Carcinoid syndrome

51
Q

Investigations in HOCM

A

ECG- LVH + strain, deep Q-waves
CXR- LV enlargement
Echo- asymmetric septal hypertrophy, prominent diastolic dysfunction
Exercise stress testing- inducible LV outflow tract obstruction

52
Q

Causes of pulmonary HTN

A

I- idiopathic, CT diseases, congenital, drugs
II- left heart failure
III- chronic hypoxic pulmonary disease (COPD, IPF)
IV- chronic thromboembolic pHTN
V- misc (sarcoidosis, glycogen storage disorders)

53
Q

Investigations in pulmonary HTN

A

ECG- RVH, RV strain, RAE
CXR- R) sided cardiomegaly
Echo- RA dilation, TR/PR, elevated RV and PA pressures
RHC

Clinical exam things (7 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions