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cardio vascular > cardiovascular embryology > Flashcards

cardiovascular embryology Flashcards

1
Q

why does the very early embryo have no need of a CV system

A

meets all nutritional needs by simple diffusion

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2
Q

when does the rudimentary CV system begin to develop

A

once the embryo reaches the 3 layer stage

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3
Q

what is three layer stage

A

inner endoderm
mesoderm
middle and outer ectoderm

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4
Q

what do the cells in the splanchnic mesoderm form in haemangioblast cells

A

blood islands

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5
Q

what do blood islands stimulate

A

surrounding mesenchymal cells

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6
Q

what do blood islands form surrounding mesenchymal cells

A

endothelial and smooth muscle cells which form walls around the blood islands.

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7
Q

how is dorsal aortae formed in the dorsal mesenchyme

A

small vessels ( mesenchymal cells) coalesce and bud to form larger communicating vessels.

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8
Q

what leads to the formation of left and right coeloms

A

cavitation of the mesoderm

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9
Q

what does fusing of left and right coeloms to the developing neural plate form

A

one horseshoe shaped coelomic cavity

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10
Q

how does the foetus receive oxygenated blood

A

from the allantois via the umbilical veins

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11
Q

how does the foetus receive nutrition

A

yolk sac via the vitelline veins

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12
Q

is the pulmonary system functional in the foetus

A

no

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13
Q

what forms the cardiogenic plate ventral to the forming dorsal aorta and coelom

A

mesoderm

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14
Q

what does the cardiogenic plate become and what does it initially have

A

endocardial tube which initially has a left and right limb

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15
Q

what does mesoderm around the endocardial tubes form

A

a myoepicardial mantle

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16
Q

what does the myoepicardial mantle give and develop into

A

contractile ability to the endocardial tube and develops into the myocardium

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17
Q

movement of development of the heart in the embryo

A

moves caudally from the head as the embryo matures to end up in the thorax

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18
Q

what is the effect on the endocardial tube as the embryo folds

A

brings the endocardial tube dorsal to the coelom and the two limbs coalesce to form the primitive heart which functions as a single pump

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19
Q

what do the vitelline veins form

A

yolk sac anastomose to the cardiac tube

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20
Q

what does the joining of dorsal aortae to the endocardial tube form

A

first aortic arches

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21
Q

what does the fusing of the aorta caudally to the developing heart form

A

one common aorta

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22
Q

what does further folding of the embryo cause

A

changes cardiac tube to an s shaped structure consisting of 5 portions

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23
Q

what are the 5 portions of the s shaped structure

A

cranial to caudal:
truncus arteriosus
bulbus cordis
ventricle
atrium
sinus venosus

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24
Q

how is blood pumped into the circulation from the sinus venosus by

A

truncus arteriosus

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25
Q

what veins does the sinus venous receive blood via

A

umbilical
cardinal
vitelline

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26
Q

what does the sinus venosus become

A

part of the right atrium

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27
Q

what does the foetal atrium develop into

A

left and right atrial appendages

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28
Q

what does the foetal ventricle become

A

left ventricle

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29
Q

what does the bulbus cordis develop into

A

right ventricle

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30
Q

what does the truncus arteriosus pump blood out into

A

aortic arches

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31
Q

what does the truncus arteriosus divide to form

A

aorta
pulmonary arteries

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32
Q

what does the visceral pericardium form

A

epicardium of the heart wall

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33
Q

what develops from mesenchymal cells between the endocardium and myocardium in the area between the single atrium and ventricle

A

endocardial cushions

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34
Q

what does the fusing of endocardial cushions form and what does it do

A

septum intermedium
separates the AV canal into a left and right AV canal

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35
Q

what is the name of thee dividing septum that grows down from the dorsal atrial wall towards the endocardial cushions that divides the atrium in left and right atrium

A

septum primum

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36
Q

what is the name of the channel of communication that remains between left and right atria

A

foramen primum

37
Q

what forms before the foramen primum eventually closes

A

foramen secundum

38
Q

how does the foramen secundum form

A

programmed cell death (apoptosis) in the dorsal part of the septum

39
Q

what is the second septum that grows down to the right of the septum primum

A

septum secundum

40
Q

what is the foramen ovale

A

communication between atria via the aperture in the septum secundum and the foramen secundum.

41
Q

what is the septum secundum also known as due to its dividing function

A

crista dividens

42
Q

what forms when the dilated section of the bulbus cordis joins with the embryonic ventricle

A

single common ventricle

43
Q

what does the non-dilated portion of the bulbus cordis become

A

conus cordis

44
Q

what closes the interventricular foramen

A

differential cellular proliferation

45
Q

what forms the primordial ventricular septum

A

groove visible on the outside of the heart between the bulbus and the foetal ventricle

46
Q

what does the bulbus become

A

right ventricle

47
Q

what does the foetal ventricle become

A

left ventricle

48
Q

how does the ventricles grow

A

by peripheral growth and internal cavitation

49
Q

how is chordae tendinae formed

A

replacement of the muscular tissue with connective tissue due to further differentiation

50
Q

what do chordae tendinae attach to

A

papillary muscles - muscular projections

51
Q

what must be separated to form the pulmonary trunk and aortic trunk

A

conus cordis (non dilated portion of the bulbus cordis) and the truncus arteriosus

52
Q

what fuses to form the aortico-pulmonary septum

A

bulbar ridges (thickening along division between bulbus cordis and truncus arteriosus)

53
Q

what does the sinus venosus become

A

sinoatrial node

54
Q

what are the arteries that arise from the aorta and supply developing somites called

A

intersegmental

55
Q

what is the point at which the dorsal aortae join the truncus arteriosus called

A

aortic sac

56
Q

how many pairs of aortic arches form between the truncus arteriosus and the dorsal aortae

A

6

57
Q

what is the connective tissue between the atria and ventricles

A

annulus fibrosis

58
Q

where does the intersegmental arteries arise from and what do they supply

A

from the aorta and supplies the developing somites

59
Q

what do the vitelline arteries supply

A

yolk sac

60
Q

what do the umbilical arteries supply

A

allantois

61
Q

what is the point at which the dorsal aortae join the truncus arteriosus called

A

aortic sac

62
Q

what is the aortic sac surrounded by and what does it form

A

mesenchymal tissue that forms the pharyngeal arches

63
Q

what are the aortic arches lateral to

A

developing foregut

64
Q

what do the left and right aortic arches become

A

common carotid arteries

65
Q

what derives from the third aortic arches

A

internal carotid arteries

66
Q

what is the arch of the definitive aorta formed from

A

left 4th aortic arch artery, aortic sac and left dorsal aorta

67
Q

where does the left subclavian artery arise from in dogs and pigs

A

directly from aortic arch

68
Q

what forms the right subclavian artery

A

right 4th aortic arch artery

69
Q

where does the left subclavian artery arise from in horses and cattle

A

brachiocephalic trunk

70
Q

what forms the brachiocephalic trunk

A

portions of the left and right 3rd and 4th aortic arch arteries fuse with the aortic sac

71
Q

what do the first 2 pairs of aortic arch arteries leave atrophy and what do they supply

A

small maxillary arteries and stapedial arteries which supply the middle ears

72
Q

what happens to the 5th pair of aortic arch arteries

A

atrophies

73
Q

what do the 6th aortic arch arteries form

A

pulmonary arteries
distal portion of the left 6th AAA forms the ductus arteriosus between the pulmonary artery and aorta.

74
Q

where does coronary circulation arise from

A

endothelial sprouts near the aortic root and a sub-epicardial vessel plexus

75
Q

where does the recurrent laryngeal branches of the vagus nerve pass

A

caudal to the 6th aaa

76
Q

why is the left recurrent laryngeal nerve more likely to be damaged by stretching or turning of the neck

A

its fixed caudally at the ductus arteriosus

77
Q

what are the 3 pairs of veins the early embryo has

A

vitelline veins
umbilical veins
cardinal veins

78
Q

how is the liver sinusoids formed

A

vitelline veins pass through the septum transversum providing a venous plexus which is incorporated in the liver

79
Q

what veins contribute to the development of the most cranial portion of the caudal vena cava

A

vitelline veins

80
Q

function of the ductus venosus

A

diverts blood away from the hepatic sinusoids in the foetus

81
Q

what does the left umbilical vein remnant become in the adult animal

A

round ligament of the liver

82
Q

what do the cranial veins drain

A

head and neck

83
Q

what do the caudal veins drain

A

body wall

84
Q

what are the 3 veins that arise from the cranial cardinal veins

A

internal and external jugular veins
brachiocephalic veins

85
Q

what arises from the right cranial cardinal vein after anastomosis with the left

A

cranial vena cava

86
Q

what does the remaining part of the left cranial cardinal vein become

A

coronary sinus

87
Q

what do the caudal cardinal veins give rise to and what do the drain

A

subcardinal veins
drain the developing kidney

88
Q

what do supracardinal veins drain

A

dorsal body wall

89
Q

what does the right supracardinal vein become

A

azygous vein

cardio vascular (8 decks)

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