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Pharm 2 final > Cardiovascular Drugs part 2 > Flashcards

Cardiovascular Drugs part 2 Flashcards

1
Q

mechanisms of action of antihypertensive agents

A
  1. effect on autonomic nervous system
  2. inhibition of renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system
  3. peripheral vasodilation
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2
Q

2 types of calcium channel blockers

A
  1. dihydropyridines

2. non-dihydropyridines

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3
Q

suffix of dihydropyridines

A

-dipine

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4
Q

where does dihydropyridines act on?

A

peripheral vasculature

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5
Q

examples of non-dihydropyridines

A
  1. verapamil

2. diltiazem

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6
Q

where does non-dihydropyridines mainly act on?

A

the heart

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7
Q

effect of calcium channel blockers?

A

reduce influx of Ca2+ and intracellular Ca2+

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8
Q

what are the 2 types of beta blockers?

A
  1. selective

2. non-selective

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9
Q

suffix of beta blockers

A

-olol

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10
Q

what does selective beta blockers block?

A

beta 1 receptors only

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11
Q

what does non-selective beta blockers block?

A

beta 1 receptors but may also have beta 2 effects

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12
Q

when is non-selective beta blocker contraindicated?

A

should not be used in obstructive disease

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13
Q

suffix of ACE inhibitors

A

-pril (i.e. lisinopril)

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14
Q

what does ACE inhibitors prevent?

A
  1. angiotensin I from being converted to angiotensin II in the lungs by angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE)
  2. breakdown of bradykinin
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15
Q

ACE inhibitors prevent breakdown of bradykinin resulting in what?

A

cough

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16
Q

suffix of ARBs (angiotensin II receptor antagonist)

A

-sartan (i.e. losartan)

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17
Q

what does ARBs prevent?

A
  1. angiotensin II from binding to AT1 receptors

2. Ca2+ release from sarcoplasmic reticulum in arterioles resulting in vasodilation

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18
Q

T/F: ARBs inhibit bradykinin breakdown

A

false, doesn’t inhibit bradykinin breakdown so no cough

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19
Q

primary mechanism of action of diuretics

A

decrease in intravascular volume

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20
Q

secondary mechanism of action of diuretics

A

direct arterial vasodilation

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21
Q

what are the 3 classes of diuretics?

A
  1. thiazides
  2. loop diuretics
  3. potassium sparing
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22
Q

what does thiazides inhibit?

A

inhibits Na+/Cl- cotransporters in proximal segment of distal convoluted tubule

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23
Q

suffix of thiazides

A

-thiazide

exception is chlorTHALIDONE

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24
Q

T/F: loop diuretics are long acting

A

false, short

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25
Q

what does loop diuretics inhibit?

A

Na+/Cl-/H2O reabsorption in thick ascending limb

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26
Q

suffix of loop diuretics

A

-semide

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27
Q

potassium sparing diuretics can result in what?

A

increased K+ levels

28
Q

suffix of potassium sparing diuretics

A

-one

29
Q

thiazide diuretics act on which nephron site?

A

distal convoluted tubule

30
Q

loop diuretics act on which nephron site?

A

thick ascending limb

31
Q

potassium sparing diuretics act on which nephron site?

A

collecting tubule

32
Q

suffix of alpha 2 agonists

A

-idine

33
Q

alpha 2 agonists prevent what?

A

release of norepinephrine from post ganglionic nerve fibers

34
Q

effect of alpha 2 agonists

A
  1. sedation
  2. analgesia
  3. hypotension
35
Q

what are the two types of alpha 1 antagonists?

A
  1. selective

2. non-selective

36
Q

suffix of selective alpha 1 antagonists

A

-zosin

37
Q

suffix of non-selective alpha 1 antagonists

A

-amine

38
Q

what does alpha 1 antagonists prevent?

A

intracellular Ca2+ increase resulting in smooth muscle relaxation in arterioles and veinules

39
Q

what does nitrovasodilators cause?

A

release of nitric oxide (NO)

40
Q

what does the release of nitric oxide (NO) cause?

A

vasodilation

41
Q

what are the two types of nitrovasodilators?

A
  1. nitrites

2. nitrates

42
Q

example of nitrite

A

sodium nitroprusside (SNP)

43
Q

use of sodium nitroprusside (SNP) can result in what?

A

cyanide poisoning

44
Q

example of nitrate

A

nitroglycerine

45
Q

what does nitrates cause?

A

coronary dilation

46
Q

why are nitrates administered under the tongue?

A

b/c of extensive first pass metabolism

47
Q

hydralazine is a vasodilator that causes what?

A
  1. K+ influx into vascular smooth muscle cells

2. NO release by vascular endothelium

48
Q

effect of hydralazine

A
  1. arterial vasodilation
  2. lowers BP
  3. raises HR reflexively
49
Q

hydralazine effects are exact opposite of which drug?

A

phenylephrine

50
Q

Vaughan Williams classification of antiarrythmic drugs have how many classes?

A

5

51
Q

according to Vaughan Williams classification, which class of antiarrythmic drugs interferes with Na+ channels?

A

class 1

52
Q

according to Vaughan Williams classification, which class of antiarrythmic drugs depresses phase 0, prolonging depolarization?

A

class 1

53
Q

according to Vaughan Williams classification, which class of antiarrythmic drugs are anti-sympathetic agents?

A

class 2

54
Q

according to Vaughan Williams classification, which class of antiarrythmic drugs decreases slope of phase 4?

A

class 2

55
Q

according to Vaughan Williams classification, which class of antiarrythmic drugs affects K+ efflux?

A

class 3

56
Q

according to Vaughan Williams classification, which class of antiarrythmic drugs prolongs phase 3?

A

class 3

57
Q

according to Vaughan Williams classification, which class of antiarrythmic drugs affects calcium channels/AV node?

A

class 4

58
Q

according to Vaughan Williams classification, which class of antiarrythmic drugs prolongs phase 2?

A

class 4

59
Q

according to Vaughan Williams classification, which class of antiarrythmic drugs has unknown mechanisms?

A

class 5

60
Q

class 1 antiarrythmic drugs are what?

A

Na+ channel blocker

61
Q

class 4 antiarrythmic drugs are what?

A

Ca2+ channel blocker

62
Q

class 3 antiarrythmic drugs are what?

A

K+ channel blocker

63
Q

class 2 antiarrythmic drugs are what?

A

beta blocker

64
Q

rule of thumb for CLASS I and III antiarrythmic drugs

A

used for rhythm control

i.e. procainamide and amiodarone

65
Q

rule of thumb for CLASS II and IV antiarrythmic drugs

A

used for rate control

i.e. metoprolol and diltiazem

Pharm 2 final (10 decks)

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