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Cardiovascular > Cardiovascular Drugs > Flashcards

Cardiovascular Drugs Flashcards

1
Q

Function of statins

A

Reduce high cholesterol

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2
Q

Function of fibrates

A

Lower triglyceride levels and can increase HDL cholesterol levels

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3
Q

Function of PCSK 9 inhibitors

A

Inhibit PCSK 9 binding to LDL receptors and highly reduce cholesterol levels

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4
Q

Diuretics

A

Inhibit sodium reabsorption in the kidneys

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5
Q

Beta blockers

A

Reduce blood pressure by blocking the effects of adrenaline

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6
Q

Calcium-channel blockers

A

Vasodilator, prevents Ca++ from entering the heart and vessels

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7
Q

Alpha blockers

A

Vasodilator, block alpha-adrenoceptors in the sympathetic nervous system

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8
Q

Mineralocorticoid antagonists

A

Vasodilator (diuretic), block aldosterone receptors, which promote sodium reabsorption

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9
Q

Nitrates

A

Vasodilator

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10
Q

Nicorandil

A

Vasodilator, potassium ATP channel activator -> increases blood flow to heart

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11
Q

Ivabradine

A

Slows down heart rate, funny (If) channel modulator in the sinus node

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12
Q

Ranolazine

A

Decrease Ca++ load on heart, metabolic modulator, late Na+ channel modulator

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13
Q

Anti-platelets

A

Anti-thrombotic effect

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14
Q

Anti-coagulants

A

Prevent new thrombosis

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15
Q

Fibrinolytic drugs

A

Dissolve blood clots

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16
Q

Digoxin

A

Anti-arrhythmic drug

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17
Q

Neprilysin inhibitors

A

Anti-arrhythmic drug

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18
Q

What is the first line treatment for patients under 55 y/o in hypertension?

A

ACE inhibitor or angiotensin ll receptor blocker (ARB)

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19
Q

What is the first line treatment for patients of African or Caribbean family origin of any age or white individuals over 55 y/o?

A

Calcium-channel blockers

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20
Q

What is the second line treatment for hypertensive patients?

A

ACE/ARB inhibitor and calcium-channel blockers

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21
Q

What is the third line treatment for hypertensive patients?

A

ACE/ARB inhibitors, calcium-channel blockers and thiazide-like diuretic

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22
Q

If hypertensive patients don’t respond to third line treatment either (resistant hypertension) what is the treatment?

A

ACE/ARB inhibitors, calcium channel blockers, thiazide-like diuretic and consider further diuretic or alpha-blocker or beta-blocker and consider seeking expert advice

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23
Q

What is the general therapy in acute myocardial infarction?

A

MONA+C
Morphine (plus anti-emetic i.e. metoclopramide or cyclizine)
Oxygen (pulse ox>90% class l)
Nitroglycerin (SL GTN x3 for ischaemic pain)
Aspirin 300mg + clopidogrel 600mg (alternatives will be ticagrelor or prasugrel)

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24
Q

Examples of statins

A

Simvastatin, atorvastain, fluvastatin, pravastatin, rosuvastatin

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25
Q

What are statins used to treat?

A

Coronary heart disease
Hypercholesterolaemia
Those at risk of heart disease and stroke and angina/MI
Diabetics

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26
Q

What are side effects of statins?

A

Myalgia, rhabdomyolysis, renal failure liver failure, hyperglycaemia, nausea, digestive problems, sore throat, nosebleeds, rhinitis, headache

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27
Q

Examples of fibrates

A

Bezafibrate, fenofibrate, gemfibrozil

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28
Q

What are fibrates used to treat?

A 
Coronary heart disease
Diabetics
Those who don't cope well with statins
Those will low HDL levels
Hypertriglyceridaemia
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29
Q

What are side effects of fibrates?

A

Nausea, stomach upset, sometimes diarrhoea, muscle damage if used in conjunction with statins, liver irritation

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30
Q

Examples of PCSK 9 inhibitors

A

Evolocumab, alirocumab

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31
Q

What are PCSK 9 inhibitors used to treat?

A

Familial hypercholesterolaemia
Severe hypercholesterolaemia
Coronary heart failure

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32
Q

What are side effects of PCSK 9 inhibitors?

A

Injection-site swelling, rash, limb pain, fatigue, muscle pain, eye-related events

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33
Q

What are the two types of diuretics?

A

Thiazide diuretics, loop diuretics

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34
Q

What’s the difference between thiazide diuretics and loop diuretics?

A

Thiazide diuretics are milder and used in hypertension whereas loop diuretics are stronger and used in heart failure

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35
Q

Examples of thiazide diuretics

A

Bendrofluazide

36
Q

Examples of loop diuretics

A

Furosemide

37
Q

What are some side effects of diuretics?

A 
Hypokalaemia
Hyperglycaemia
Tiredness
Arrhythmias
Increase uric acid levels -> gout
Impotence
38
Q

What are thiazide diuretics used for?

A

These are milder and used in hypertension

39
Q

What are loop diuretics used for?

A

These are stronger and use din heart failure

40
Q

What are the two types of beta blockers?

A

Cardio-selective B1-blockers and non-selective B-blockers

41
Q

Examples of cardio-selective B1-blockers

A

Atenolol, bisoprolol

42
Q

Examples of non-selective B-blockers

A

Propanolol, carvedilol

43
Q

What are cardio-selective B1-blockers used for?

A 
Angina
Acute coronary syndrome
Myocardial infarction
Hypertension
Heart failure
44
Q

What are non-selective B-blockers used for?

A

Thyrotoxicosis

Migraine

45
Q

What are side effects of beta blockers?

A 
Heart attack (in severe/brittle asthma)
Block signs like tachycardia (in diabetics)
Tiredness
Heart failure (in the short term)
Cold peripheries
Cardiogenic shock
46
Q

What are the two types of calcium-channel blockers?

A

Dihydropyridines and rate-limiting calcium antagonists

47
Q

Examples of dihydropyridines

A

Amlodipine

48
Q

Examples of rate-limiting calcium antagonists

A

Verapamil, diltiazem

49
Q

What are dihydropyridines (calcium-channel blockers) used for?

A

Hypertension

Angina

50
Q

What are side effects of dihydropyridines (calcium-channel blockers)?

A

Ankle angina

51
Q

What are rate-limiting calcium antagonists (calcium channel blockers) used to treat?

A

Hypertension
Angina
Supraventricular arrhythmias (AF, SVT)
Arrhythmias

52
Q

What are the side effects of rate-limiting calcium antagonists (calcium-channel blockers)?

A

Avoid in use with beta blockers

53
Q

Examples of ACE inhibitors

A

Lisinopril, ramipril, captopril, benazepril, enalapril, fosinpril

54
Q

What are ACE inhibitors used to treat?

A

Hypertension
Heart failure
Good for kidneys in diabetic nephropathy but bad for the kidneys in renal artery stenosis

55
Q

What are side effects of ACE inhibitors?

A

Cough, renal dysfunction, angioneurotic oedema, never used in pregnancy-induced hypertension

56
Q

Examples of ARBs

A

Losartan

57
Q

What are ARBs used to treat?

A

Hypertension
Heart failure
Good for kidneys in diabetic nephropathy but bad for the kidneys in renal artery stenosis

58
Q

What are side effects of ARBs?

A

Renal dysfunction, angioneurotic oedema, never used in pregnancy-induced hypertension

59
Q

Examples of alpha blockers

A

Doxazosin

60
Q

What are alpha blockers used to treat?

A

Hypertension

Prosthetic hypertrophy

61
Q

What are side effects of alpha blockers?

A

Postural hypotension

62
Q

Examples of mineralocorticoid antagonists

A

Spironolactone, eplerenone

63
Q

What are mineralocorticoid antagonists used to treat?

A

Resistant hypertension

Heart failure

64
Q

What are side effects of mineralocorticoid antagonists?

A

Gynaecomastia, hyperkalaemia, renal impairment

65
Q

Examples of nitrates

A

GTN spray, isosorbide

66
Q

What are nitrates used to treat?

A

Angina
Acute heart failure
Coronary artery disease

67
Q

What are side effects of nitrates?

A

Headache, hypotension/collapse

68
Q

What is nicorandil used to treat?

A

Coronary artery disease

69
Q

What are side effects of nicorandil?

A

Headache, ulcers in the mouth and GI tract

70
Q

What is ivabradine used to treat?

A

Tachycardia

Slows down heart rate but not in AF

71
Q

What are side effects of ivabradine?

A

Visual disturbance

72
Q

What is ranolazine used to treat?

A

Refractory angina (slows down heart rate)

73
Q

What are side effects of ranolazine?

A

Dizziness, nausea, headache, constipation, vomiting

74
Q

Examples of anti-platelets

A

Asprin, clopidogrel, prasugrel, ticagrelor

75
Q

What are anti-platelets used to treat?

A 
Angina
Acute MI
Plaque rupture
Stroke 
TIA
76
Q

What are side effects of anti-platelets?

A

Haemorrhage, aspirin-sensitive asthma (rarely), peptic ulcer

77
Q

Examples of anti-coagulants

A

Heparin (IV use only), warfarin (oral use only), rivaroxaban, dabigatran

78
Q

What are anti-coagulants used to treat?

A

DVT
PE
NSTEMI
AF

79
Q

What are side effects of anti-coagulants?

A

Haemorrhage

80
Q

Examples of fibrinolytic drugs

A

Streptokinase, tissue plasminogen activator (t-PA)

81
Q

What are fibrinolytic drugs used to treat?

A

STEMI
PE (sometimes)
Stroke (sometimes)

82
Q

What are side effects of fibrinolytic drugs?

A

Haemorrhage (serious risk, particularly after surgery, trauma, bleeding tendencies, severe diabetic retinopathy and peptic ulcer)

83
Q

What is digoxin used to treat?

A

Heart failure

AF

84
Q

What are side effects of digoxin?

A

Nausea, vomiting, yellow vision, bradycardia, heart block, ventricular arrhythmias

85
Q

Examples of neprilysin inhibitors

A

Salcubitril valsartan, ARB, endopeptidase inhibitor

86
Q

What are neprilysin inhibitors used to treat?

A

AF

87
Q

What are side effects of neprilysin inhibitors?

A

Hypotension, renal impairment, hyperkalaemia, angioneurotic oedema

Cardiovascular (1 decks)

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