Cardiovascular/Diuretics Quiz Review Flashcards
systolic (top #)
force exerted when blood is ejected from the ventricles
diastolic (bottom #)
sustained pressure when ventricles relax
etiology of HTN
anything that increases CO or peripheral edema
hypertensive crisis
> 180, >120
secondary HTN
known cause
primary HTN
idiopathic (unknown cause) 92-95% of individuals
isolated systolic HTN
type of secondary HTN; most common in 65+, characterized by rigid aorta
cause of orthostatic hypotension
volume depletion; pooling of blood in lower parts of body (not getting to brain fast enough)
HTN in pregnancy
preeclampsia; characterized by thrombocytopenia
thiazides
acts on DCT
MOA: promotes sodium, chloride, & water excretion
slow onset
used for HTN & peripheral edema
contraindicated in renal failure (use loop)
loop
acts on ascending loop of henle
rapid onset
tx of edema
photosensitivity side effect
interactions: ototoxic drugs & NSAIDs
osmotic
ex: mannitol
MOA: increase sodium reabsorption in PCT & loop of henle, excrete sodium, chloride, K, water
used to decrease ICP & IOP
side effects: blurred vision
contraindicated in heart disease & failure, renal failure
carbonic anhydrase inhibitors
ex: acetazolamide
MOA: block action of enzyme carbonic anhydrase
used to decrease IOP
side effects: crystalluria (kidney stones)
potasssium-sparing
ex: spironolactone
MOA: block aldosterone
used for edema & hormonal acne
monitor for s/s of hyperkalemia
avoid food high in K
beta-blockers
end in ‘-olol” ex: metoprolol
reduce CO by diminishing sympathetic NS response *used for anxiety
side effects: bronchospasm
cannot be abruptly d/c
ED risk in older men
centrally acting alpha 2 agonists
ex: clonidine
reduced peripheral vascular resistance & increased vasodilation
side effects: peripheral
cannot be abruptly d/c
methyldopa used for pregnancy induced HTN
alpha adrenergic blockers
“-zosin”
HDL (good) LDL (bad)
side effects: nasal congestion
avoid NSAIDs
alpha 1 & beta 1 adrenergic blockers
ex: labetolol
paresthesia
direct acting vasodilators
ex: hydralazine
very fast
used to mitigate rebound tachycardia
ACE inhibitors
“-pril” ex: lisinopril
PRIL cough (dry, doesnt go away)
side effects: angioedema
angiotensin II receptor blockers ARBs
“-sartan” ex: losartan
act on RAAS
calcium channel blockers
increased muscle contractility
highly protein bound
ex: diltiazem, amlodipine
side effect: ankle edema
most common causes of HF
CAD, HTN, valvular heart disease
R heart failure
sx: edema & ascites (albumin can get low after belly is drained)
GI tract & liver congestion
L heart failure
more common
lungs!
impaired gas exchange
pulmonary edema
activity intolerance, cyanosis, cough w sputum, SOB @ night
R ventricular dysfunction
impairs ability to move deoxy blood from systemic to pulmonary circulation
hepatomegaly
jugular vein distension
causes L sided HF
L ventricular dysfunction
impairs mvmt of blood
blood stuck in lungs
compensatory mechanisms
myocardial hypertrophy (increase in muscle size)
sympathetic nervous system maintains perfusion
important labs
ANH
BNP
cardiac glycoside digoxin
check therapeutic levels, can be potentially toxic
side effects: hepatoxicity, N/V
antacids decrease dig absorption
stable angina
predictable stress/exertion, goes away w removal of trigger
unstable angina
frequently w progressive severity unrelated to activity
variant angina
occurs at rest
nitrate
nitroglycerin (short acting)
vasodilation
side effects: HA (decrease w use), flushing
sublingual, dose must be tapered (rebound ischemia)
no alcohol
statins
break down HMG-CoA
LDL decrease in 2 weeks, 4-6 weeks achieve therapeutic levels
“-statin”
side effects: myopathy & rhabo *must stop immediately
heparin
rapid anticoagulant
tx of venous thrombosis
warfarin (anticoagulant)
prevents thrombosis in veins
monitor PT/INR
NSAIDs potentiate bleeding
aspirin (antiplatelet)
used to prevent thrombosis in arteries
circulatory failure (shock)
failure to perfuse tissues adequately
