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Lily BRS cardio And Resp > Cardiovascular Disorders > Flashcards

Cardiovascular Disorders Flashcards

1
Q

What are the main types of cardiovascular disorders?

A

Cardiac muscle disorders:

heart failure

Electrical transmission disorders:

Atrial arrhythmias

Conduction block

Vasculature disorders:

Hypertension

Acute coronary syndromes

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3
Q

What is the definition of heart failure?

A

Heart unable to maintain adequate circulation for metabolic requirements of body

Types:

  1. Preserved ejection fraction - EF > 50%, decreased diastolic function
  2. Reduced EF - EF<50%, decreased systolic function
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4
Q

What is the pathophysiology of heart failure?

A

Secondary to cardiac damage (ischaemia, myopathy) , hypertension, valve disease

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5
Q

What are the investigations related to heart failure?

A

Signs and symptoms: exertional dyspnoea

Tests: blood tests (elevated brain natriuretic peptide/BNP), chest X ray (cardiomegaly)

ECG: may be an enlarged QRS complex

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6
Q

What are some treatment options for heart failure?

A

Drugs that reduce the exertional pressure on the heart

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7
Q

What is the definition of atrial arrhythmias?

A

Atrial fibrillation: disorganised electrical activity and contraction

Wolff-Parkinson-white: syndrome causing tachycardia and abnormal cardiac electrical conductance

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8
Q

What is the pathophysiology of atrial arrhythmias?

A

AF: spontaneously active cells throughout the atria

WPW: additional accessory conduction pathway (bundle of kent) between the atria and ventricles

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9
Q

What are the investigations related to atrial arrhythmias?

A

Signs and symptoms: both: palpitations and chest pain

ECG:

AF - absent P waves and irregularly irregular rhythm

WPW - QRS pre excitation and biphasic/inverted T wave

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10
Q

What are some treatment options relating to atrial arrhythmias?

A

AF: strategies to maintain sinus (cardioversion, anti-arrhythmetics, catheter ablation)

WPW: benign, no treatment required

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11
Q

What is the definition of conduction block?

A

First degree: slowing down conduction through AV node

Second degree: reduced transmission of signal from atria to ventricles

Third degree: complete block of current from atria to ventricles

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12
Q

What is the pathophysiology of conduction block?

A

Damage (fibrosis, calcification, necrosis) to the conduction system (AV node or His pyrkinje system)

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13
Q

What are the investigations relating to conduction block?

A

ECG:

First degree - increased P-R interval

Second - increased P-R interval or missing QRS complexes, depending on type

Third - p waves not followed by QRS complexes

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14
Q

What are the treatment options for conduction block?

A

Discontinuation of AV blocking drugs (beta blockers, calcium channel blockers)

Pacemaker implantation in severe cases

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15
Q

What is the definition of hypertension?

A

Clinical BP > 140/90 mmHg

Ambulatory BP daytime average > 135/85 mmHg

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16
Q

What is the pathophysiology of hypertension?

A

Primary: unknown

Secondary: resulting from another medical condition (kidney disease, adrenal disease)

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17
Q

What are the inve relating to hypertension?

A

Blood pressure measurement

> 135/85

18
Q

What are the treatment options for hypertension?

A

Lifestyle changes followed by anti hypertensive medication

19
Q

What is the definition of acute coronary syndromes?

A
  1. angina: chest pain due to myocardial ischaemia caused by atherosclerosis
  2. Non ST elevated myocardial infarction (NSTEMI): myocardial tissue damage due to prolonged ischaemia caused by atherosclerosis and artery blockage
  3. ST elevated myocardial infarction (STEMI): serious myocardial tissue damage due to prolonged ischaemia caused by severe atherosclerosis and complete artery blockage
20
Q

What is the pathophysiology of acute coronary syndromes?

A

Atherosclerotic lesions of the coronary artery causing ischaemia, artery blockage and then complete artery blockage

21
Q

What are the investigations for acute coronary syndromes?

A

Signs and symptoms-

  1. angina: chest pain on exertion (stable) or at rest (unstable)
  2. NSTEMI: chest pain, nausea, vomiting
  3. STEMI: radiating chest pain, sweating, nausea, vomiting

ECG and blood tests-

  1. Angina - nothing
  2. NSTEMI- ST depression/no changes. High troponin levels
  3. STEMI - ST elevation with reciprocal ST depression. High troponin levels
22
Q

What are the treatment options for acute coronary syndromes?

A
  1. Angina - vasodilators
  2. NSTEMI - coronary stents, anti platelets, vasodilators, anti emetics, oxygen and pain relief
  3. STEMI - coronary stents, anti platelets, vasodilators, anti emetics, oxygen and pain relief

Lily BRS cardio And Resp (9 decks)

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