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Pathology > Cardiovascular Disorders > Flashcards

Cardiovascular Disorders Flashcards

0
Q

Hypertension (HTN) E/T

A

Idiopathic, risk factors include obesity, sedentary lifestyle, chronic stress, high-salt diet, saturated fats, family history

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1
Q

Essential Hypertension (HTN) D/S

A

Persistently elevated blood pressure ( BP> 140/90 mmHg) without apparent cause

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2
Q

HTN S/S

A

Asymptomatic for months, even years, brain, heart, kidney undergo vascular changes

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3
Q

HTN D/X

A

Elevated BP on three separate readings

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4
Q

HTN T/X

A

Change in diet, exercise, stress reduction, Antihypertensive drug therapy, diuretics

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5
Q

HTN P/P

A

Good if detected early/avoid risk factors, exercise, eat right

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6
Q

Hypotension / Orthostatic Hypotension

A

Drop in BP > 20 points with a change in positionnwhichncan lead to the following:
Dizziness
Fainting

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7
Q

Causes Orthostatic Hypotension:

A
  1. Reduced cardiac output 2ry heart disease
  2. Dilation of arterioles 2ry to sepsis
  3. Reduced blood volume (dehydration, bleeding…)
  4. Autonomic nervous system disorders
  5. Medication
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8
Q

Postprandial Hypotension

A
  1. Drop in blood pressure after eating
  2. Blood is diverted to the digestive tract
  3. Autonomic nervous system dysfunction
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9
Q

Pericarditis = inflammation of pericardium E/T

A

Bacterial, fungal, viral infections

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10
Q

Pericarditis S/S

A

Sharp sudden pleuritic pain, orthopnea ( inability to breath easily unless upright), Dyspnea, tachycardia

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11
Q

Pericarditis D/X

A

Pericardial friction rub

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12
Q

Pericarditis T/X

A

Treat underlying cause

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13
Q

Myocarditis = inflammation of cardiac muscle E/T

A

Viral, bacterial infections, s/p rheumatic fever

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14
Q

Myocarditis S/S

A

Dyspnea, palpitations, fever, fatigue

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15
Q

Myocarditis T/X

A

Antibiotics

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16
Q

Myocarditis P/P

A

Complications include R or L ventricular failure

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17
Q

Endocarditis = inflammation of membrane lining valves, chambers of heart, vegetations may embolize E/T

A

Strep bacteria

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18
Q

Endocarditis S/S

A

Weakness, fatigue, night sweats, fever

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19
Q

Endocarditis D/X

A

History, ECG, blood test

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20
Q

Endocarditis T/X

A

Antibiotics, rest

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21
Q

Endocarditis P/P

A

Curable with early treatment/ ABX therapy before dental surgery

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22
Q

Aortic Stenosis = narrowing of the aortic valve Causes

A
  1. Congenital: wear and tear of bicuspid ( rather than a tricuspid) valve since birth
  2. Wear and tear of the aortic valve in the elderly
  3. Scarring of the aortic valve 2ry rheumatic fever
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23
Q

Aortic Stenosis S/S

A
  1. None
  2. Chest pain
  3. Shortness of breath
  4. Fainting ( Syncope)
  5. Heart failure
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24
Q

Aortic Stenosis/ Diadnosis

A
  1. Heart murmur noted during auscultation ( Loudness does not correlate with severity of the stenosis)
  2. EKG
  3. Electrocardiogram
  4. Cardiac catheterization
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25
Q

Aortic Stenosis/ Treatment

A
  1. Antibiotics during invasive procedures (Dental)
  2. Mild: observation
  3. Moderate: avoid strenuous activities
  4. Severe: valve replacement
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26
Q

Aortic Stenosis Complictions

A
  1. Left sided heart failure
  2. Pulmonary edema
  3. Endocarditis
  4. Prognosis
    Depends on the extent of damage before treatment
    Good with repair
27
Q

Coronary Artery Disease (CAD) D/S

A

Narrowing of coronary arteries; inadequate blood supply; ischemia

28
Q

CAD E/T

A

Atherosclerosis, predisposing factors include age, heredity, obesity, diabetes, hypertension, smoking, stress

29
Q

CAD S/S

A

Angina, nausea, vomiting, feeling of panic

30
Q

CAD D/X

A

History, angina, ECG changes

31
Q

CAD T/X

A

Reduction of angina, nitroglycerin, angioplasty, coronary artery bypass surgery

32
Q

CAD P/P

A

Varies, depends on extent of blockage / Decrease predisposing factors

33
Q

Angina Pectoris D/S

A

Chest pain resulting from myocardial ischemia

34
Q

Angina Pectoris E/T

A

Clinical syndrome accompanying arteriosclerotic heart disease

35
Q

Angina Pectoris S/S

A

Burning, squeezing, tightness in chest, lasts less than 15 min

36
Q

Angina Pectoris D/X

A

ECG

37
Q

Angina Pectoris T/X

A

Nitroglycerin, sedatives, tranquilizer s

38
Q

Angina Pectoris P/P

A

Depends on severity of myocardial ischemia/ Avoid precipitating factors

39
Q

CAD - Use of Nitroglycerine/ Action/ Use

A

Action: Dilates the blood vessels that supply the heart.
Use: Sublingual. Needs to be fresh. Pt should have Nitroglycerine with them if they have angina.
1. Give one tablet under the tongue.
2. Wait for 5 min
3. If no relief give another tablet under the tongue
4. Wait for 5 min
5 if no relief give another tablet under the tongue
6. Wait 5 min
7. If no relief, activate EMS

40
Q

Myocardial Infarction (MI) D/S

A

Life-threatening occlusion of one or more coronary arteries

41
Q

MI E/T

A

E/T: hereditary, obesity, aging, hypertension, elevated serum triglyceride, total cholesterol levels, smoking, diabetes mellitus, chronic stress

42
Q

MI S/S

A

S/S: crushing chest pain that may radiate to L arm, neck, jaw, not relieved like angina

43
Q

MI D/X

A

D/X: history of CAD, ECG, blood tests for elevated cardiac enzymes

44
Q

MI T/X

A

T/X: Immediate hospitalization, relieve pain, stabilize heart, reduce cardiac workload

45
Q

MI P/P

A

P/P: depends on extent of damage to myocardium/ avoid predisposing factors

46
Q

Congestive Heart Failure (CHF) D/S

A

D/S: Pumping ability of heart is impaired, circulatory congestion, peripheral or pulmonary edema

47
Q

CHF E/T

A

E/T: Myocardial infarction is one cause

48
Q

CHF S/S

A

S/S: Dyspnea, fatigue, distended neck veins, hepatomegaly, tachypnea, palpitations, edema, diaphoresis, cyanosis

49
Q

CHF D/X

A

D/X: ECG, chest x-ray, elevated central venous pressure

50
Q

CHF T/X

A

T/X: Improvement in heart’s pumping function, diuretics, bed rest, vasodilators

51
Q

CHF P/P

A

Depends on cause

52
Q

Cardiac Arrest D/S

A

Sudden, unexpected interruption of heart function, medical emergency

53
Q

Cardiac Arrest E/T

A

Myocardial infarction, circulatory collapse, ventricular fibrillation

54
Q

Cardiac Arrest S/S

A

Prolonged angina, acute Dyspnea, orthopnea, light-headed ness, sustained tachycardia

55
Q

Cardiac Arrest D/X

A

Absence of respiration, pulse, loss of consciousness

56
Q

Cardiac Arrest T/X

A

Establish airway, ventilate, perform artificial external cardiac massage

57
Q

Cardiac Arrest P/P

A

Guarded/ Early treatment for cardiac symptoms

58
Q

Abnormalities of Heart Action

A
  1. Heart block
  2. Atrial fibrillation
  3. Ventricular fibrillation
  4. Arrhythmia s
  5. Premature ventricular contractions
  6. Tachycardia
  7. Bradycardia
59
Q

Aneurysms: Abdominal, Thoracic, and Peripheral Arteries D/S

A

Local dilation of artery or heart chamber

Dissection: The layers of the wall of the aorta split and separate

60
Q

Aneurysms : Abdominal, Thoracic, and Peripheral E/T

A

Congenital, trauma, arteriosclerotic inflammation, infection

61
Q

Aneurysms: Abdominal, Thoracic, and Peripheral Arteries S/S

A

May be Asymptomatic, may cause edema, 25% with thoracic aneurysm have an abdominal aneurysm

62
Q

Aneurysms: Abdominal, Thoracic, and Peripheral Arteries D/X

A
  1. Palpation (advanced)
  2. ECG
  3. X-ray (Does not measure the size or extent)
  4. US (98% accurate in measuring size)
  5. Aortography
  6. CT scan
  7. Angiography
63
Q

Aneurysms: Abdominal, Thoracic, and Peripheral Arteries T/X

A 
Depends on size, site affected artery
Small: PT. Monitored
Medication to decrease BP
Large: Open chest surgery
Endovascular aneurysm repair (EVAR)
64
Q

Aneurysms: Abdominal, Thoracic, and Peripheral Arteries P/P

A

Good if caught early, Guarded/ None known

65
Q

Aneurysms: Abdominal, Thoracic, and Peripheral Arteries PTA Implications

A
  1. Up and walking early after surgery
  2. Shoulder ROM exercises
  3. Monitor BP and heart rate ( do not want to put extra stress on the graft)
  4. Beta blockers may interfere with the interpretation of the heart rate.
  5. Sternal precautions: No lifting of heavy items
    < 10 pounds
  6. <25 pounds if history of dissection without repair
  7. SCI can be a secondary complication of the surgery

Pathology (6 decks)

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