Cardiovascular Disorders Flashcards
What are the most common causes of Sudden Cardiac Death?
Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, congenital coronary artery anomalies, cardiac electrical and conduction abnormalities, commotion cordis, myocarditis
What are the three types of cardiac hypertrophy?
General cardiac hypertrophy, left ventricular hypertrophy and right ventricular hypertrophy
What is the difference between hypertrophic cardiomyopathy and Athlete’s heart?
In Athlete’s heart, all four chambers of the heart undergo hypertrophy whereas in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, an asymmetrical enlargement of one ventricle occurs and the myocardial fibers are not evenly distributed
What is the thickness of the ventricular wall in order for a clinical diagnosis of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy to be made?
15 mm
What drugs can be used to treat HCM?
Beta-blockers - to decrease the heart rate and cardiac contractile forces
Which coronary artery is the common type of coronary artery anomaly?
Left main coronary artery
Why is the left main coronary artery an important artery to look after?
It is abnormally positioned between the aortic and pulmonary trunk. As the trunks expand with increased blood flow during exercise, they compress the left main coronary artery leading to ischemia of the myocardium and eventually fatal arrhythmia.
What is Cor Pulmonale?
Right heart failure that occurs as a consequence of pulmonary disease.
How does myocardial ischemia cause angina?
The obstruction of the coronary arteries will cause ischemia to the associated myocardium and leads to myocardial infarction.
What is Arrhythmogenic Right Ventricular Dysplasia?
Fatty infiltration and fibrosis of the myocardium of the right ventricle. It has a genetic component and can produce ventricular tachycardia or life threatening ventricular arrhythmia.
What are signs of some valve disorders?
Stenosis restricting blood flow and structural malformations that do not allow the valve to close completely. These two deformities cause murmurs from turbulent blood flow
What is the most common valve disorder?
Mitral valve prolapse. This is a deformity that prevents the mitral valve from closing completely
What is the consequence of mitral valve prolapse?
During ventricular systole, the leaflets of the mitral valve bulge back into the left atrium, resulting in blood flowing back and decreasing the flow of blood into the aorta.
How can mitral valve prolapse be detected?
Cardiac auscultation for a mid-systolic click or a mitral regurgitation murmur.
What is Paroxysmal Supraventricular Tachycardia?
PSVT is a defect in the discharge pattern of the SA node, atria, or AV node that causes a dramatic increase in HR. Commonly seen in adolescents and an attack of PSVT is usually accompanied by palpitations, anxiety, dyspnea, chest pain or tightness and possibly syncope.
What is Long Q-T Syndrome?
It is a syndrome that involves the ventricles to take longer to depolarize and repolarize. It can lead to a fatal ventricular tachycardia when HR increases as occurs with exercise.
True or false? Many people are asymptomatic until the arrhythmia occurs when considering Long Q-T Syndrome
True
What is Wolfe-Parkinson-White Syndrome?
This syndrome involves an accessory pathway conducting more rapidly than the AV node, and the result is that one of the ventricles depolarizes slightly before the other. Atrial fibrillation may occur when a premature atrial depolarization stimulates the additional pathway
What is another consequence of Wolfe Parkinson-White Syndrome different from atrial fibrillation?
The premature atrial depolarization may bypass the AV node into the ventricles, which creates a depolarization that goes back to the atria through the additional pathway and then down the AV node to the ventricles again. The result is a loop of depolarization that causes ventricular fibrillation, which is fatal unless defibrillation occurs within minutes.
What is Marfan Syndrome?
It is an inherited connective tissue disorder associated with increased risk for sudden cardiac death. Three signs to look out for: (1) aortic root dilation, (2) moderate to severe mitral regurgitation, or (3) family history of dissection or sudden death in a Marfan relative
What is Commotio Cordis?
Commotio Cordis is a sudden traumatic blow to the chest that occurs during the vulnerable phase of cardiac repolarization that can induce a severe ventricular arrhythmia.
What vital measurements define Hypertension?
A resting blood pressure greater than 140/90 on two or more consecutive occasions.
What is Stage I hypertension?
Defined as a systolic BP of 140-159 mmHg or diastolic BP of 90 to 99 mmHg
What is Stage II hypertension?
Defined as a systolic BP of 141 mmHg or greater or diastolic BP of 100 mmHg or greater
True or false? Many people with hypertension do not often experience frequent occipital headaches or epistaxis.
False, those two signs occur often. Many people however, are asymptomatic.
What are long-term complications of hypertension?
Heart disease, stroke, retinal damage, renal failure, and peripheral vascular disease
How is anemia described?
Hemoglobin level or RBC volume that is lower than 95% of people of the same age.
What are the primary risk factors for anemia?
Malnutrition and chronic disease
What does intense physical training do to RBC?
It damages the RBCs.
True or false? Heavy menstruation depletes RBCs
True
What is sports anemia?
Sports anemia, also known as dilutional anemia is common among highly fit individuals. Exercise increases blood plasma volume but does not affect RBC production.
What is hemophilia?
Hemophilia is a genetic disorder that impairs the ability of the blood to clot.
What are the 5 P’s of Vascular Occlusion?
Pain Pallor Pulselessness Paresthesia Paralysis
What are common sites of arterial occlusion?
Subclavian, axillary, popliteal, femoral
What can cause Thoracic Outlet Syndrome?
Repetitive strenuous overhead activity or prolonged postures involving scapular protraction.
What are some of the clinical signs of thoracic outlet syndrome?
Diffuse arm aching that increases with exertion, paresthesia that increases at night, easy fatiguability of the limb, intermittent swelling of the limb. Distal temperature changes and cyanosis are also common.
What is thrombophlebitis?
Thrombophlebitis is the result of cells clotting together to form a mass called a thrombus, which appears as venous swelling. The presence of a thrombus in a vein is called thrombosis.
What is an embolus?
A thrombus that has broken free from its origin and moves through the circulation
How should one person avoid deep vein thrombosis?
Walking or active range of motion exercises requiring the calf muscles to contract should be performed several times a day. Medication and intermittent compression can be used for prevention purposes.
What is an aneurysm?
An aneurysm is a weakness in the wall of a blood vessel, usually a result of arteriosclerosis or infection, which causes a local dilation or bulging of all layers of the vessel wall. Aneurysms produce pulsing pain, auscultated bruits, and asymmetrical distal pulses.
What is a false aneurysm?
A false aneurysm involves the vessel walls to tear and causing hematoma that subsequently develops into a fibrous scar. This leads to compression on nearby anatomical structures such as nerves or other vessels. This usually happens after trauma in sports or other physical activity and the distal pulses are normal
What is a cluster headache?
A cluster headache involves deep and gnawing pain occuring unilaterally around one eye. Lacrimation, rhinorrhea, or nasal congestion diaphoresis, unilateral pupillary constriction, ptosis and psychomotor agitation may also be present as a result of trigeminal nerve and parasympathetic involvement
What classification according to the 36th Bethesda Conference would football fall under?
Moderate, Class B
