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Cardiovascular/ Respiratory Disorders > Cardiovascular Disorders > Flashcards

Cardiovascular Disorders Flashcards

1
Q

What are the most common causes of Sudden Cardiac Death?

A

Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, congenital coronary artery anomalies, cardiac electrical and conduction abnormalities, commotion cordis, myocarditis

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2
Q

What are the three types of cardiac hypertrophy?

A

General cardiac hypertrophy, left ventricular hypertrophy and right ventricular hypertrophy

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3
Q

What is the difference between hypertrophic cardiomyopathy and Athlete’s heart?

A

In Athlete’s heart, all four chambers of the heart undergo hypertrophy whereas in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, an asymmetrical enlargement of one ventricle occurs and the myocardial fibers are not evenly distributed

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4
Q

What is the thickness of the ventricular wall in order for a clinical diagnosis of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy to be made?

A

15 mm

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5
Q

What drugs can be used to treat HCM?

A

Beta-blockers - to decrease the heart rate and cardiac contractile forces

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6
Q

Which coronary artery is the common type of coronary artery anomaly?

A

Left main coronary artery

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7
Q

Why is the left main coronary artery an important artery to look after?

A

It is abnormally positioned between the aortic and pulmonary trunk. As the trunks expand with increased blood flow during exercise, they compress the left main coronary artery leading to ischemia of the myocardium and eventually fatal arrhythmia.

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8
Q

What is Cor Pulmonale?

A

Right heart failure that occurs as a consequence of pulmonary disease.

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9
Q

How does myocardial ischemia cause angina?

A

The obstruction of the coronary arteries will cause ischemia to the associated myocardium and leads to myocardial infarction.

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10
Q

What is Arrhythmogenic Right Ventricular Dysplasia?

A

Fatty infiltration and fibrosis of the myocardium of the right ventricle. It has a genetic component and can produce ventricular tachycardia or life threatening ventricular arrhythmia.

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11
Q

What are signs of some valve disorders?

A

Stenosis restricting blood flow and structural malformations that do not allow the valve to close completely. These two deformities cause murmurs from turbulent blood flow

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12
Q

What is the most common valve disorder?

A

Mitral valve prolapse. This is a deformity that prevents the mitral valve from closing completely

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13
Q

What is the consequence of mitral valve prolapse?

A

During ventricular systole, the leaflets of the mitral valve bulge back into the left atrium, resulting in blood flowing back and decreasing the flow of blood into the aorta.

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14
Q

How can mitral valve prolapse be detected?

A

Cardiac auscultation for a mid-systolic click or a mitral regurgitation murmur.

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15
Q

What is Paroxysmal Supraventricular Tachycardia?

A

PSVT is a defect in the discharge pattern of the SA node, atria, or AV node that causes a dramatic increase in HR. Commonly seen in adolescents and an attack of PSVT is usually accompanied by palpitations, anxiety, dyspnea, chest pain or tightness and possibly syncope.

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16
Q

What is Long Q-T Syndrome?

A

It is a syndrome that involves the ventricles to take longer to depolarize and repolarize. It can lead to a fatal ventricular tachycardia when HR increases as occurs with exercise.

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17
Q

True or false? Many people are asymptomatic until the arrhythmia occurs when considering Long Q-T Syndrome

A

True

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18
Q

What is Wolfe-Parkinson-White Syndrome?

A

This syndrome involves an accessory pathway conducting more rapidly than the AV node, and the result is that one of the ventricles depolarizes slightly before the other. Atrial fibrillation may occur when a premature atrial depolarization stimulates the additional pathway

19
Q

What is another consequence of Wolfe Parkinson-White Syndrome different from atrial fibrillation?

A

The premature atrial depolarization may bypass the AV node into the ventricles, which creates a depolarization that goes back to the atria through the additional pathway and then down the AV node to the ventricles again. The result is a loop of depolarization that causes ventricular fibrillation, which is fatal unless defibrillation occurs within minutes.

20
Q

What is Marfan Syndrome?

A

It is an inherited connective tissue disorder associated with increased risk for sudden cardiac death. Three signs to look out for: (1) aortic root dilation, (2) moderate to severe mitral regurgitation, or (3) family history of dissection or sudden death in a Marfan relative

21
Q

What is Commotio Cordis?

A

Commotio Cordis is a sudden traumatic blow to the chest that occurs during the vulnerable phase of cardiac repolarization that can induce a severe ventricular arrhythmia.

22
Q

What vital measurements define Hypertension?

A

A resting blood pressure greater than 140/90 on two or more consecutive occasions.

23
Q

What is Stage I hypertension?

A

Defined as a systolic BP of 140-159 mmHg or diastolic BP of 90 to 99 mmHg

24
Q

What is Stage II hypertension?

A

Defined as a systolic BP of 141 mmHg or greater or diastolic BP of 100 mmHg or greater

25
Q

True or false? Many people with hypertension do not often experience frequent occipital headaches or epistaxis.

A

False, those two signs occur often. Many people however, are asymptomatic.

26
Q

What are long-term complications of hypertension?

A

Heart disease, stroke, retinal damage, renal failure, and peripheral vascular disease

27
Q

How is anemia described?

A

Hemoglobin level or RBC volume that is lower than 95% of people of the same age.

28
Q

What are the primary risk factors for anemia?

A

Malnutrition and chronic disease

29
Q

What does intense physical training do to RBC?

A

It damages the RBCs.

30
Q

True or false? Heavy menstruation depletes RBCs

A

True

31
Q

What is sports anemia?

A

Sports anemia, also known as dilutional anemia is common among highly fit individuals. Exercise increases blood plasma volume but does not affect RBC production.

32
Q

What is hemophilia?

A

Hemophilia is a genetic disorder that impairs the ability of the blood to clot.

33
Q

What are the 5 P’s of Vascular Occlusion?

A 
Pain
Pallor
Pulselessness
Paresthesia
Paralysis
34
Q

What are common sites of arterial occlusion?

A

Subclavian, axillary, popliteal, femoral

35
Q

What can cause Thoracic Outlet Syndrome?

A

Repetitive strenuous overhead activity or prolonged postures involving scapular protraction.

36
Q

What are some of the clinical signs of thoracic outlet syndrome?

A

Diffuse arm aching that increases with exertion, paresthesia that increases at night, easy fatiguability of the limb, intermittent swelling of the limb. Distal temperature changes and cyanosis are also common.

37
Q

What is thrombophlebitis?

A

Thrombophlebitis is the result of cells clotting together to form a mass called a thrombus, which appears as venous swelling. The presence of a thrombus in a vein is called thrombosis.

38
Q

What is an embolus?

A

A thrombus that has broken free from its origin and moves through the circulation

39
Q

How should one person avoid deep vein thrombosis?

A

Walking or active range of motion exercises requiring the calf muscles to contract should be performed several times a day. Medication and intermittent compression can be used for prevention purposes.

40
Q

What is an aneurysm?

A

An aneurysm is a weakness in the wall of a blood vessel, usually a result of arteriosclerosis or infection, which causes a local dilation or bulging of all layers of the vessel wall. Aneurysms produce pulsing pain, auscultated bruits, and asymmetrical distal pulses.

41
Q

What is a false aneurysm?

A

A false aneurysm involves the vessel walls to tear and causing hematoma that subsequently develops into a fibrous scar. This leads to compression on nearby anatomical structures such as nerves or other vessels. This usually happens after trauma in sports or other physical activity and the distal pulses are normal

42
Q

What is a cluster headache?

A

A cluster headache involves deep and gnawing pain occuring unilaterally around one eye. Lacrimation, rhinorrhea, or nasal congestion diaphoresis, unilateral pupillary constriction, ptosis and psychomotor agitation may also be present as a result of trigeminal nerve and parasympathetic involvement

43
Q

What classification according to the 36th Bethesda Conference would football fall under?

A

Moderate, Class B

Cardiovascular/ Respiratory Disorders (2 decks)

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