Cardiovascular Disorders

Question 1

What is the most common and prevailing CVD (Cardiovascular Disease) in the world?

Answer 1

Coronary Artery Disease

Question 2

What, approximately, are the metabolic requirements of the heart?

Answer 2

The heart requires up to 70 - 80% of the total oxygen delivered

Question 3

Refers to a disorder that is also known as Coronary Heart Disease, Ischemic Heart Disease, Myocardial Ischemia, & Heart Disease.

Answer 3

Coronary Artery Disease

Question 4

What do the left and right coronary arteries and their branches supply to the heart?

Answer 4

They both supply arterial blood to the heart. Supplying nutrient-rich, oxygenated blood from the left ventricle to the myocardium.

Question 5

When do these Coronary Arteries get perfused?

Answer 5

During diastole

Question 6

The heart requires 70-80% of oxygen delivered. How much, on average, do other organs need?

Answer 6

Other organs need 25% on average.

Question 7

What refers to a condition in which there is an inadequate supply of blood and oxygen to the myocardium due to an occlusion of the coronary arteries, which results in a demand-supply mismatch of oxygen?

Answer 7

Coronary Artery Disease

Question 8

How much percentage of stenosis does a plaque in the coronary artery require for it to cause angina at rest?

Answer 8

90%

Question 9

What is the hallmark of the pathophysiology of CAD?

Answer 9

The development of Atherosclerotic Plaque

Question 10

Myocardial ___ : Refers to the amount of oxygen that the heart requires to function.

Answer 10

Demand

Question 11

Myocardial ___ : Refers to the amount of oxygen provided to the heart by coronary arteries

Answer 11

Supply

Question 12

How much total serum cholesterol level does it take to be at greater risk for developing CAD, than those with levels less than 200 mg/dl? (desirable level)

Answer 12

300 mg/dl

Question 13

What refers to a progressive disease, characterized by the accumulation of lipids and fibrous elements in the arterial blood vessel walls, which reduces blood flow to the myocardium.

Answer 13

Atherosclerosis

Question 14

What are the two primary ways in which atherosclerotic plaques can form in the circulatory circulation.

Answer 14

• Stable Plaques
• Unstable Plaques

Question 15

Refers to a type of plaque that gradually increases in size and may partially occlude the vessel lumina, thus limiting coronary flow and causing ischemia especially during exercise.

Answer 15

Stable Plaques

Question 16

Refers to a type of plaque that is prone to ulceration or rupture even if there has been no significant impairment of coronary blood flow before the event. When this ulceration or rupture occurs, underlying tissues of the vessel wall are exposed, resulting in platelet adhesion and thrombus formation.

Answer 16

Unstable Plaques

Question 17

What is another name for Stable Angina?

Answer 17

Exertional Angina

Question 18

What is another name for Unstable Angina?

Answer 18

Preinfarction Angina

Question 19

What are some other names for Variant Angina?

Answer 19

• Prinzmetal’s Angina
• Vasospastic Angina

Question 20

Is the first visible sign of atherosclerosis. Characterized as a yellow streak or patch of dead foam cells at the site of endothelial damage.

Answer 20

Fatty Streak

Question 21

What are the types of Angina Pectoris?

Answer 21

• Stable Angina
• Unstable Angina
• Variant Angina
• Silent Ischemia
• Intractable Angina

Question 22

Refers to a type of Angina where the patient reports of no pain despite objective evidence of ischemia

Answer 22

Silent Ischemia

Question 23

Refers to a type of Angina characterized by severe, incapacitating chest pain.

Answer 23

Intractable Angina

Question 24

How many seconds do Myocardial cells become ischemic after coronary occlusion?

Answer 24

10 Seconds

Question 25

What is administered as a priority in managing pain during an acute stage of MI?

Answer 25

Morphine

Question 26

What causes the pain that patients experience during Angina?

Answer 26

• Buildup of Lactic Acid
• Abnormal stretching of the Ischemic Myocardium

Question 27

When does Myocardial Ischemia develop?

Answer 27

MI develops if the supply of coronary blood cannot meet the demand of the myocardium for oxygen and nutrients.

Question 28

How long can Cardiac Cells remain viable under ischemic conditions?

Answer 28

20 Minutes

Question 29

What is the most common symptom associated with coronary artery disease?

Answer 29

Chest Pain

Question 30

Refers to a specific Monocyte, these are White Blood Cells that reside in your blood and tissues to find and destroy viruses, bacteria, fungi, protozoa. They also eliminate infected cells.

Answer 30

Macrophage

Question 31

What do healthy coronary arteries do if an exchange does not meet myocardial oxygen needs.

Answer 31

These healthy coronary arteries dilate

Question 32

Refers to a clinical syndrome that results from myocardial ischemia, caused by inadequate myocardial blood and oxygen supply or an imbalance between oxygen supply and demand.

Answer 32

Angina Pectoris

Question 33

Does a Stable Angina have a stable pattern?

Answer 33

Yes, it has a stable pattern of onset, duration, severity, and relieving factors.

Question 34

Does an Unstable Angina occur unpredictably?

Answer 34

Yes, it occurs unpredictably in exertion or emotion and increases in occurrence, duration and severity in time.

Question 35

How long does an Unstable Angina last?

Answer 35

Unstable Anginas last longer than 15 minutes.

Question 36

What can be associated on the ECG during Variant Angina attacks?

Answer 36

Attacks may be associated with ST-segment elevation.