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Vascularity unit: Blood Pressure & Control of Blood Pressure > Cardiovascular Disorders > Flashcards

Cardiovascular Disorders Flashcards

1
Q

Blood pressure depends on cardiac output and

A

peripheral resistance

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2
Q

What organ releases ACE which activates angiotensin?

A

lungs

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3
Q

Where does ADH come from?

A

posterior pituitary gland

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4
Q

Primary or Essential Hypertension

A

BP consistently above 140/90

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5
Q

BP consistently high, uncontrollable with 3 or more drugs

A

Malignant or resistant hypertension

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6
Q

Decrease in renal blood flow

A

Triggers the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system

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7
Q

Parasympathetic Neurons

A

Vagus Nerve - triggers the release of Acetylcholine - Decreases Heart Rate

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8
Q

carotid sinus

A

located in In Internal Carotid Artery

senses blood pressure going into the head
Stretch receptors in stretched tissue monitors blood pressure (high blood pressure will activate the sympathetic pathway

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9
Q

Baroreceptor Details

A

pressure receptors (monitor the stretch)

Patch of tissue stretches (the amount of stretch measures the blood pressure)

Glossopharyngeal nerve - attached to this area and senses the pressure of the blood

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10
Q

Chemoreceptors

A

Sensitive to levels of Oxygen and Carbon dioxide

Located in Aortic body and Carotid Body
Monitor oxygen and carbon dioxide

When oxygen level is low We are going to increase blood pressure

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11
Q

Pathway of Chemoreceptors

A

Blood oxygen levels are low → Message will be sent to the cardiovascular center → Increase heart rate, blood pressure → cardiac output is increase we want to get more oxygen to the body and head.

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12
Q

Hormonal Regulation

A

Antidiuretic Hormone, Epinephrine, Norepinephrine, Renin

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13
Q

Antidiuretic Hormone (Vasopressin)

A

Produced in the posterior pituitary gland

stimulates kidneys to conserve water by raising increase blood volume by reducing urine output

(higher blood volume = higher pressure , low blood volume = low blood pressure)

also is a vasoconstrictor = increase blood pressure (smaller diameter = higher blood pressure).

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14
Q

Adrenal Medulla Hormones Function

A

Enhance Sympathetic Response

will increase vasoconstriction (decrease diameter size.)

increased cardiac output and heart rate leads to increase of blood pressure

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15
Q

Adrenal Medulla Hormones

A

epinephrine and norepinephrine

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16
Q

Epinephrine function

A

promotes fight or flight response

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17
Q

Renin

A

an enzyme produced by kidney cells that plays a key role in controlling arterial blood pressure

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18
Q

Norepinephrine

A

helps control alertness and arousal

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19
Q

renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system

A

There are Specific cells in kidneys that are very sensitive to blood pressure /blood flow

When blood flows to kidney’s and they sense (Low blood pressure = low blood volume), then the cells of the kidney will produce renin.

Renin has to be present in the kidney’s to create (angiotensin II = hormone)

angiotensin II will to go adrenal gland and help the adrenal gland stimulate the adrenal cortex to produce Aldosterone which will increase water conservation in the kidneys

water conservation increases blood volume which then increase blood pressure

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20
Q

low blood volume

A

low blood pressue

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21
Q

artery tunics

A

Tunica interna, tunica media, Tunica Externa

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22
Q

Tunica Interna

A

has endothelium - makes the artery smooth.

Has Basement membrane

Internal elastic lamina - Only in arteries not veins

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23
Q

Tunica Media

A

Thickest layer

Smooth muscle layer (veins do not have a big capability of smooth muscle)

External elastic lamina (only in artery not vein

24
Q

Tunica Externa

A

Elastic tissue

Thicker smooth muscle = artery

composed entirely of connective fibers and surrounded by an external elastic lamina which functions to anchor vessels with surrounding tissues. The tunica externa is often thicker in veins to prevent collapse of the blood vessel and provide protection from damage since veins may be superficially located.

25
Q

Veins

A

have valves (prevents back-flow) - pressure is low

26
Q

Capillaries

A

structure has a simple layer of endothelium layer

27
Q

the level of the capillaries

A

Depending on the tissue that has high metabolic activity (high oxygen demand) = high level of capillaries (brain, liver, kidney’s, nervous system.

Tissues with lower metabolic activity will require less oxygen demand, such as the tendons, ligaments and less levels of capillaries

28
Q

areas that have no capillaries

A

Cornea, Epithelium (epidermis), Cartilage, Lens

29
Q

System Circulation

A

blood vessels that supply all the body (not blood vessels that supply the lungs)

30
Q

pulmonary circulation

A

Circulation of blood between the heart and the lungs

31
Q

Blood flow in venous system depends on:

A

gravity, skeletal muscle movements, and respiratory movements

32
Q

Normal Blood pressure control system will vasodilate if

A

there is an increase in O2

33
Q

An increase in temperature will cause____________ in blood vessels

A

vasodilation

34
Q

Factors that can cause variations in BP include:

A

blood volume, viscosity, and elasticity of arteries

35
Q

Decreasing stroke volume and vasodialating will cause:

A

a decrease in BP

36
Q

What stimulates the reabsorption of sodium and water to increase blood volume?

A

aldosterone

37
Q

Uncontrolled hypertension can lead to

A

stroke, kidney damage, retinal damage

38
Q

Atherosclerosis risk factors

A

-Age (more common in elderly)
-Gender (more common in men)
-High blood cholesterol levels
-High blood pressure
-Cigarette smoking
sedentary lifestyle
uncontrolled diabetes
oral contraceptives

39
Q

CABG

A

Coronary Artery Bypass Graft used when coronary arteries are almost fully occluded.

40
Q

Cardiovascular Center - in Medulla Oblongata

A

Sympathetic Neurons and Parasymphatic Neuron

41
Q

Sympathetic neurons

A

trigger the release of Norepinephrine: Increases Heart Rate

cardiac accelerator nerves

42
Q

Pressure Receptors (Baroreceptors) location

A

Aortic Sinus = in Aortic Arch patch of pressure sensitive tissue. Blood was just in the left ventricle = high pressure, we are sensing pressure.

Carotid Sinus (In Internal Carotid Artery)

senses blood pressure going into the head
Stretch receptors in stretched tissue monitors blood pressure (high blood pressure will activate the sympathetic pathway

43
Q

Aortic Sinus

A

located in Aortic Arch and patch of pressure sensitive tissue. Blood was just in the left ventricle = high pressure, we are sensing pressure.

44
Q

diuretic

A

agent that increases urine output

given to patients with high blood pressure
Reduce water in body = Lower blood volume = lower blood pressure

Increase urination

45
Q

What chemical increases water reabsorption through the collecting ducts of the kidneys?

A

Antidiuretic hormone

46
Q

Secondary Hypertension

A

caused by renal or endocrine disease

47
Q

Control mechanism for blood pressure.

A

BP=COxPR

48
Q

Action of ACE?

A

Slows activity of angiotensin converting enzyme to decrease production of angiotensin II.

49
Q

Side effects of BP meds?

A

nausea, hypotension

50
Q

Atherosclerosis

A

Arterial problem with the presence of plaques made of lipids, cells, fibrin, cell debris and thrombi (atheromas)

51
Q

Atheroscerosis treatments

A

Lose weight, lower LDL cholesterol, Decrease sodium, control diabetes and hypertension, stop smoking

52
Q

Describe the Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone system to decrease blood pressure.

A

Due to low fluid flow into kidneys, they release Renin which joins Angiotensinogen from liver in the bloodstream. These together enzymatically create Angiotensin I which together with ACE from lungs creates Angiotensin II. Angiotensin II causes widespread vasoconstriction and also stimulates the adrenal cortex to secrete aldosterone. Aldosterone stimulates the kidneys to increase sodium uptake and water follows. This increases blood pressure.

53
Q

capacitance vessels

A

veins

54
Q

Angiotensin

A

vasoconstrictor

55
Q

Baroreceptors

A

Found in some artery walls. Relay changes in BP to the medulla oblongata.

56
Q

Arteriosclerosis

A

General term for all types of arterial changes

Vascularity unit: Blood Pressure & Control of Blood Pressure (1 decks)

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